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1tightrope walker
走钢丝者
讲解指在绷紧的绳索上表演平衡技艺的人，常引申形容处境艰难、如履薄冰
搭配a tightrope walker, perform as a tightrope walker, balance like a tightrope walker
近义rope walker, acrobat, aerialist
派生tightrope walking
The tightrope walker balanced carefully above the cheering crowd without any safety net.
那位走钢丝者在欢呼的人群上方小心地保持平衡，没有任何安全网。
2floppy disk
软(磁)盘
讲解早期便携存储介质，容量很小，现已基本淘汰，多用于怀旧或对比科技发展
搭配save on a floppy disk, insert a floppy disk, a floppy disk drive
近义diskette, floppy
派生floppy disk drive
Before cloud storage became common, students saved their essays on a floppy disk.
在云存储普及之前，学生们把论文保存在软盘上。
3enduring appeal
经久不衰的吸引力
讲解形容事物长期受到喜爱、魅力不减，常用于文化、品牌、传统等话题
搭配enduring appeal of, retain an enduring appeal, have enduring appeal
近义lasting charm, timeless attraction, lasting appeal
反义fading appeal, passing fad
派生endure, enduringly
Shakespeare's plays retain an enduring appeal that continues to attract audiences worldwide.
莎士比亚的戏剧保持着经久不衰的吸引力，持续吸引着全世界的观众。
4general declaration
总声明
讲解指面向整体、概括性的正式声明，区别于针对具体事项的专项声明
搭配issue a general declaration, a general declaration of intent, sign a general declaration
近义public statement, formal announcement
反义specific statement
The committee issued a general declaration outlining its goals for the coming year.
委员会发布了一份总声明，概述了来年的目标。
5be accompanied by
伴随
讲解表示某事与另一事同时发生，多用被动式，常见于雅思写作因果与利弊论述
搭配be accompanied by, be accompanied with, accompanied by a rise in
近义be attended by, go hand in hand with, coincide with
反义occur alone
Rapid economic growth is often accompanied by serious environmental problems.
快速的经济增长往往伴随着严重的环境问题。
6derelict building
废弃的建筑物
讲解指长期荒废、破败失修的建筑物，常用于城市更新与旧城改造话题
搭配derelict building, derelict site, stand derelict
近义abandoned building, dilapidated building, ruined building
反义well-maintained building
派生dereliction
The city plans to renovate several derelict buildings into affordable housing.
该市计划把几栋废弃的建筑物改造成经济适用房。
7sharp claw
利爪
讲解用于描写动物的捕猎器官，也可比喻某人手段凌厉、攻击性强
搭配sharp claws, sink one's claws into, bare one's claws
近义talons, claws, fangs
派生claw at (v. 用爪抓)
The eagle seized the fish with its sharp claws before returning to the nest.
老鹰用利爪抓住鱼，然后返回巢穴。
8unintentional consequence
无心的后果
讲解常用于雅思写作讨论政策、科技利弊，强调结果非人为预期
搭配bring about, lead to, a direct consequence
近义unintended result, unforeseen effect, side effect
反义intended outcome, deliberate result
派生consequential (adj. 随之而来的)
The new policy brought an unintentional consequence that widened the wealth gap.
这项新政策带来了一个无心的后果，即扩大了贫富差距。
9cultural resuscitation
文化复苏
讲解多用于文化类话题，指濒危文化重新焕发生机，语气正式
搭配spark a resuscitation, cultural revival, bring about
近义cultural revival, cultural renaissance
反义cultural decline, cultural erosion
派生resuscitate (v. 使复苏)
Government funding has sparked a cultural resuscitation of traditional folk music in rural areas.
政府拨款激发了农村地区传统民间音乐的文化复苏。
10human migration pattern
人类迁徙模式
讲解学术表达，常见于历史、地理及人口类雅思阅读与写作
搭配trace, analyze, shift in migration patterns
近义population movement, migratory trend
派生migrate (v. 迁徙), migrant (n. 移民)
Archaeologists study human migration patterns to understand how ancient societies spread.
考古学家研究人类迁徙模式，以了解古代社会如何扩散。
11communal kitchen
公共厨房
讲解描述合租、宿舍或社区的共享设施，强调集体使用
搭配share a communal kitchen, communal living, communal space
近义shared kitchen, common kitchen
反义private kitchen
派生communal (adj. 公共的), commune (n. 公社)
Residents on the same floor share a communal kitchen and take turns cleaning it.
同一层的住户共用一间公共厨房，并轮流打扫。
12independent school
私立学校
讲解英式说法，指不靠政府拨款、自筹经费的学校，与 state school 相对
搭配attend, enroll in, a prestigious independent school
近义private school, public school (美式)
反义state school, public school (英式)
派生independently (adv. 独立地)
Many parents choose an independent school because of its smaller class sizes.
许多家长因小班教学而选择私立学校。
13tough times
艰难时期
讲解指经济、情感或生活中困难的阶段，常用复数，多与 through/get through 连用。
搭配tough times ahead, go through tough times, in tough times
近义hard times, difficult period, rough patch
反义good times, prosperous days
派生tough-time (作定语，如 tough-time support)
Many families learn to support each other through tough times rather than give up.
许多家庭学会在艰难时期互相扶持，而不是放弃。
14click on (
用鼠标)点击
讲解表示用鼠标点击某物，后接具体对象；click 也可作名词，如 a single click。
搭配click on a link, click on the icon, click here, double-click on
近义tap on, press, select
派生clickable, click-through, clickbait
Please click on the link at the bottom of the page to confirm your booking.
请点击页面底部的链接来确认你的预订。
15chemical signal
化学信号
讲解指生物体内传递信息的化学物质信号，常用于生物、医学类阅读和写作。
搭配send a chemical signal, receive chemical signals, chemical signalling pathway
近义chemical messenger, molecular signal
派生chemical signalling, signal molecule
The brain relies on chemical signals to transmit information between nerve cells.
大脑依靠化学信号在神经细胞之间传递信息。
16fight off the cold
抵御寒冷
讲解fight off 意为击退、抵抗，后接疾病、寒冷、敌人等；此处 the cold 指寒冷天气。
搭配fight off a cold, fight off illness, fight off infection, fight off attackers
近义ward off, fend off, resist
反义give in to, succumb to
Thick fur helps polar bears fight off the cold in the Arctic winter.
厚厚的皮毛帮助北极熊在北极的冬天抵御寒冷。
17final assembly plant
总装配厂
讲解指把各零部件组装成成品的最后一道工厂，制造业、经济类话题常用。
搭配car assembly plant, assembly line, assembly worker
近义assembly factory, manufacturing plant
派生assemble, assembly line, reassemble
The final assembly plant employs thousands of workers who put the cars together.
这家总装配厂雇用了数千名工人来组装汽车。
18introduce rules
出台规定
讲解introduce 此处意为正式推出、实施（法规、制度），是写作中替换 make 的高级表达。
搭配introduce rules, introduce a policy, introduce regulations, introduce a ban
近义impose, implement, bring in
反义abolish, scrap, lift
派生introduction, introductory
The government decided to introduce rules to limit the use of plastic bags.
政府决定出台规定来限制塑料袋的使用。
19social cognition
社会认知
讲解学术高频术语，指人理解、解读他人意图与社会关系的心智能力，常见于心理学、教育类阅读。
搭配social cognition development, social cognition skills, impaired social cognition
近义social awareness, social understanding
派生social cognitive (形容词)
Researchers found that social cognition develops rapidly during early childhood interactions.
研究人员发现，社会认知在幼儿早期的互动中迅速发展。
20intensive agriculture
集约型农业
讲解指高投入、高产出的农业模式，常与 environment、sustainability 话题同现，写作中可作利弊讨论对象。
搭配intensive agriculture practices, adopt intensive agriculture, intensive farming methods
近义intensive farming, high-input farming
反义extensive agriculture
派生intensively farmed (形容词)
Intensive agriculture has greatly increased yields but also degraded soil quality.
集约型农业大幅提高了产量，但也使土壤质量退化。
21dissonant music
刺耳的音乐
讲解dissonant 指音程不和谐、听感刺耳，常与 harmony 相对，可用于音乐、艺术类阅读与描写。
搭配dissonant chords, dissonant sounds, deliberately dissonant
近义harsh-sounding, discordant
反义harmonious, melodious
派生dissonance (名词)
Some listeners find dissonant music unsettling, while others regard it as expressive.
有些听众觉得刺耳的音乐令人不安，而另一些人则认为它富有表现力。
22fundamental difference
根本差异
讲解用于对比论证，强调两者本质不同，写作中常引出核心论点或分类讨论。
搭配a fundamental difference between A and B, fundamental differences in
近义essential difference, basic distinction
反义superficial similarity
派生fundamentally (副词)
There is a fundamental difference between memorising facts and truly understanding them.
死记事实与真正理解它们之间存在根本差异。
23marine mammal
海洋哺乳动物
讲解生物学高频词组，指生活在海洋中的哺乳动物，如鲸、海豚、海豹，常见于自然类阅读。
搭配marine mammal species, protect marine mammals, marine mammal habitat
近义sea mammal
派生marine biology (相关词组)
The blue whale is the largest marine mammal ever known to science.
蓝鲸是科学界已知最大的海洋哺乳动物。
24derelict plantation
废弃的农场
讲解derelict 指荒废失修的，plantation 指大面积种植园，组合常用于描述被自然重新覆盖的旧农业用地。
搭配derelict buildings, a derelict site, abandoned plantation
近义abandoned plantation, neglected estate
派生dereliction (名词)
The derelict plantation was slowly reclaimed by dense tropical vegetation.
那片废弃的农场逐渐被茂密的热带植被重新占据。
25immerse in
潜心于某事，专心于某事
讲解及物动词用法，常用 immerse oneself in sth 或 be immersed in sth，强调全身心投入
搭配immerse oneself in, be immersed in, immerse in study
近义be absorbed in, be engrossed in, dive into
反义be distracted from, withdraw from
派生immersion, immersive
She immersed herself in research for months before writing her thesis.
她在撰写论文前潜心研究了好几个月。
26at first glance
乍一看
讲解常用于引出表面印象，后常接 but/however 转折，适合讨论类写作
搭配at first glance, seem at first glance, on closer inspection
近义on the surface, at first sight
反义on closer inspection, in reality
派生glance at, glancing
At first glance, the proposal seems practical, but it has serious flaws.
乍一看，这个提案似乎很实用，但存在严重缺陷。
27mathematical reasoning
数学推理
讲解学术语境常用短语，强调逻辑推导能力，可作主语或宾语
搭配develop mathematical reasoning, strong mathematical reasoning, test mathematical reasoning
近义logical reasoning, quantitative reasoning
派生reason, reasonable, reasoning
Mathematical reasoning helps students solve complex problems step by step.
数学推理帮助学生一步步解决复杂问题。
28noble cause
高尚动机
讲解多用于褒义语境，指值得尊敬的目标或事业，可作 support/devote to 的宾语
搭配support a noble cause, devote oneself to a noble cause, for a noble cause
近义worthy cause, good cause
反义selfish motive, base purpose
Volunteers often devote their free time to a noble cause without expecting rewards.
志愿者常常把空闲时间投入到高尚事业中，并不期待回报。
29dress code
服装要求
讲解可数名词短语，常与 follow, enforce, relax, violate 等动词搭配
搭配follow a dress code, enforce a dress code, strict dress code, relax the dress code
近义clothing rules, attire requirements
派生code of conduct, dress-code policy
Many companies relax their dress code on Fridays to create a casual atmosphere.
许多公司在周五放宽着装要求，以营造轻松氛围。
30senior manager
高级经理
讲解职场高频称谓，通常指管理层中职位较高者，可作主语或同位语
搭配senior manager position, promote to senior manager, report to a senior manager
近义top manager, senior executive, high-level manager
反义junior employee, entry-level staff
派生seniority, manage, management
The senior manager approved the budget after a long discussion with the team.
高级经理在与团队长时间讨论后批准了预算。
31robust tree
粗壮的树
讲解robust 强调“强健、结实”，既可形容树木，也可形容人身体强健或经济强劲
搭配robust tree / robust health / robust economy
近义sturdy / strong / vigorous
反义fragile / weak
派生robustness n. 强健，稳健
The old garden was dominated by a robust tree that had survived countless storms.
这座古老的花园被一棵粗壮的树占据，它经受住了无数次风暴。
32removal of nitrates
去除硝酸盐
讲解removal 是名词，后接 of 表示去除的对象；nitrates 常用复数，指硝酸盐类物质
搭配removal of nitrates / nitrate removal / remove nitrates from
近义elimination of nitrates / extraction of nitrates
派生remove v. 去除；nitrate n. 硝酸盐
Scientists are testing a new method for the removal of nitrates from drinking water.
科学家正在测试一种去除饮用水中硝酸盐的新方法。
33irrelevant alien
无关紧要的异乡人
讲解irrelevant 表示“不相关的、无关紧要的”，alien 可指外国人、异乡人或外星人
搭配irrelevant alien / feel like an alien / irrelevant to
近义unimportant outsider / insignificant stranger
反义relevant native / valued local
派生irrelevance n. 无关；alienate v. 使疏远
To the villagers, he remained an irrelevant alien whose opinions nobody valued.
对村民们来说，他始终是一个无关紧要的异乡人，没人在意他的意见。
34dopamine neurons
多巴胺能神经元
讲解dopamine neurons 是神经科学术语，指释放多巴胺的神经元，常用复数
搭配dopamine neurons / dopamine release / reward system
近义dopaminergic neurons
派生dopamine n. 多巴胺；neuron n. 神经元
Researchers found that dopamine neurons in the brain play a key role in reward learning.
研究人员发现，大脑中的多巴胺能神经元在奖赏学习中起关键作用。
35training workshop
培训班
讲解training workshop 指以培训为目的的研讨会或短期课程，比 course 更强调互动实操
搭配attend a training workshop / run a workshop / workshop on
近义training session / seminar / short course
派生train v. 培训；workshop n. 研讨会
All new employees must attend a two-day training workshop before starting work.
所有新员工在开始工作前都必须参加为期两天的培训班。
36out of bounds
禁止进入
讲解out of bounds 表示“禁止进入的”，常用于告示、规则或体育语境，后常接 to sb
搭配out of bounds to / place sth out of bounds / within bounds
近义off-limits / restricted / forbidden
反义within bounds / accessible
派生bound n. 界限；boundary n. 边界
The area around the construction site is out of bounds to all visitors.
施工现场周围区域禁止所有访客进入。
37in line with
跟…一致，符合
讲解表示与某事物一致或相符，常用于政策、目标、标准等语境，雅思写作高频。
搭配in line with expectations / in line with standards / in line with the trend
近义consistent with / in accordance with / conforming to
反义contrary to / at odds with
The new policy is in line with the government's long-term goals for sustainable development.
新政策与政府可持续发展的长期目标一致。
38lead crystal glass
铅晶质玻璃
讲解指含氧化铅的玻璃，用于高档器皿；雅思阅读中可能出现在材料或工艺类文章。
搭配lead crystal glassware / a lead crystal vase / cut lead crystal
近义crystal glass / fine glassware
派生lead crystal (adj.)
Lead crystal glass contains a high proportion of lead oxide, making it heavier and more refractive.
铅晶质玻璃含有高比例的氧化铅，使其更重且折射率更高。
39differ from
不同于
讲解表示与某事物不同，常用于比较；注意 differ from 后接比较对象。
搭配differ from the norm / differ from each other / differ significantly from
近义vary from / diverge from / be distinct from
反义resemble / be similar to
派生difference (n.) / different (adj.) / differently (adv.)
Human behaviour differs from that of other animals in its reliance on complex language.
人类行为与其他动物的不同之处在于对复杂语言的依赖。
40vigorous economic growth
经济振兴
讲解指强劲的经济增长，vigorous 强调有力、蓬勃；雅思写作经济类话题常用。
搭配sustain vigorous economic growth / achieve vigorous economic growth
近义robust economic growth / strong economic growth / dynamic economic growth
反义sluggish economic growth / economic stagnation
Vigorous economic growth in developing countries has lifted millions out of poverty.
发展中国家的强劲经济增长使数百万人摆脱了贫困。
41mass extinction
大灭绝
讲解指大量物种在较短时间内灭绝的事件，常与 the sixth 连用指当前危机。
搭配the sixth mass extinction / trigger a mass extinction / mass extinction event
近义catastrophic extinction / widespread species loss
派生extinct (adj.) / extinction (n.) / extinguish (v.)
Scientists warn that current extinction rates suggest we are entering a sixth mass extinction.
科学家警告说，当前的灭绝速度表明我们正在进入第六次大灭绝。
42raw material
原材料
讲解指用于生产加工的未加工材料，常用复数 raw materials；雅思写作制造业话题常见。
搭配raw material costs / source raw materials / a shortage of raw materials
近义basic material / unprocessed material / natural resource
派生raw (adj.)
Manufacturers are increasingly concerned about the rising cost of raw materials such as steel and copper.
制造商越来越担心钢铁和铜等原材料成本的上涨。
43dynamic process
动态过程
讲解强调持续变化、不断发展的过程，常与 learning、development 等搭配，写作中用来替代 static。
搭配a dynamic process of change；highly dynamic
近义ongoing process；evolving process
反义static state；fixed condition
派生dynamically (adv.)；dynamics (n.)
Language learning is a dynamic process in which learners constantly adjust their strategies.
语言学习是一个动态过程，学习者在此过程中不断调整策略。
44international standard
国际标准
讲解指被多国认可的统一规范，常用于贸易、质量、环保话题，作定语时 standard 用单数。
搭配meet international standards；set an international standard
近义global standard；worldwide norm
反义domestic standard；local rule
派生standardize (v.)；standardization (n.)
Many countries have adopted international standards to ensure product quality and safety.
许多国家已采用国际标准来确保产品质量与安全。
45economic climate
经济环境
讲解指某一时期的经济形势或氛围，多与 favorable、harsh、uncertain 等形容词搭配。
搭配a favorable economic climate；a harsh economic climate
近义economic environment；economic conditions
反义economic downturn
派生climate (n.) 气候；氛围
In a favorable economic climate, small businesses tend to expand more rapidly.
在有利的经济环境下，小企业往往扩张得更快。
46abstract idea
抽象概念
讲解指无法直接感知、需靠思维把握的概念，常与 grasp、understand、convey 等动词搭配。
搭配grasp an abstract idea；convey an abstract idea
近义theoretical notion；intangible concept
反义concrete fact；tangible object
派生abstraction (n.)；abstractly (adv.)
Young children often struggle to grasp abstract ideas such as justice and freedom.
幼儿往往难以理解正义、自由之类的抽象概念。
47safety/health hazard
安全/健康隐患
讲解hazard 指潜在危险，比 danger 更强调隐患；safety hazard 侧重安全，health hazard 侧重健康。
搭配pose a hazard；a fire/safety hazard
近义danger；risk；peril
反义safety；protection
派生hazardous (adj.) 危险的
Poorly maintained factories can pose a serious health hazard to nearby residents.
维护不善的工厂可能对附近居民构成严重的健康隐患。
48emerging technology
新兴技术
讲解指刚出现并快速发展的技术，常用于科技、教育、就业类话题，作定语修饰 technology。
搭配adopt emerging technology；cutting-edge technology
近义new technology；novel technology
反义mature technology；outdated technology
派生emerge (v.)；emergence (n.)
Emerging technologies such as AI are reshaping the way people work and communicate.
人工智能等新兴技术正在重塑人们工作和交流的方式。
49process orientation
过程导向
讲解指注重做事流程与方法而非只看结果，常与 value/emphasize 连用，多用于管理、教育类话题。
搭配process orientation towards, strong process orientation, shift to process orientation
近义procedure-focused approach, method orientation
反义result orientation, outcome-based approach
派生process-oriented (adj.)
Modern companies increasingly value process orientation over short-term results when judging employee performance.
现代公司在评判员工表现时，越来越重视过程导向而非短期结果。
50climate change
气候变化
讲解指全球气候的长期变化，雅思环境类高频搭配，常与 tackle/combat/mitigate 连用。
搭配tackle climate change, climate change mitigation, the impact of climate change
近义global warming, climatic shift
派生climate-related (adj.)
Governments worldwide must cooperate closely to slow down climate change before its effects become irreversible.
世界各国政府必须密切合作，在气候变化影响变得不可逆转之前减缓其进程。
51low-risk investment
低风险投资
讲解指收益稳定、本金损失可能性小的投资，常与 option/portfolio/strategy 搭配，用于经济类写作。
搭配low-risk investment option, low-risk portfolio, a relatively low-risk investment
近义safe investment, conservative investment
反义high-risk investment, speculative venture
Retirees often prefer low-risk investment options that protect their savings from sudden market downturns.
退休人士往往偏爱低风险投资选择，以保护储蓄免受市场突然下跌的影响。
52outreach work
推广工作
讲解指向难以触及的群体主动提供服务的活动，常与 do/carry out 连用，多用于社会公益类话题。
搭配do outreach work, community outreach work, outreach programme
近义community engagement, extension work
派生outreach (n./adj.)
The charity's outreach work brings free medical checkups to remote villages that lack basic services.
该慈善机构的推广工作为缺乏基本服务的偏远村庄带去免费体检。
53remarkably consistent
出奇地一致
讲解表示高度一致且令人意外，remarkably 修饰形容词表程度，常用于数据、研究类描述。
搭配remarkably consistent results, remain remarkably consistent, remarkably consistent pattern
近义strikingly uniform, unusually stable
反义highly inconsistent, erratic
The experiment's results were remarkably consistent across all five laboratories, which strengthened the conclusion.
该实验结果在全部五个实验室中都出奇地一致，这强化了结论。
54spare no expense
不惜一切代价
讲解意为不惜花费大量金钱精力，含褒义或中性，常用于描写投入巨大的活动或项目。
搭配spare no expense to do sth, spare no expense in doing sth, spare no expense on sth
近义go to great lengths, pull out all the stops
反义cut corners, economise strictly
The organisers spared no expense to make the international conference both impressive and smoothly run.
主办方不惜一切代价，让这场国际会议既令人印象深刻又运行顺畅。
55ever-shifting relationship
千变万化的关系
讲解作定语修饰关系、格局等抽象名词，强调其持续变化、难以固定，常用于学术写作
搭配an ever-shifting balance, an ever-shifting landscape, an ever-shifting market
近义constantly changing, ever-changing, fluid
派生ever-shiftingly
The ever-shifting relationship between technology and society makes long-term prediction almost impossible.
技术与社会之间千变万化的关系使长期预测几乎不可能。
56inspiring vision
鼓舞人心的愿景
讲解vision 指对未来的宏大构想，inspiring 强调能激发热情，多用于人物、演讲、规划等语境
搭配an inspiring vision of the future, share an inspiring vision, a clear and inspiring vision
近义a compelling vision, a motivating vision
反义a dull vision, a vague vision
A leader who offers an inspiring vision can motivate a whole nation to act.
一位提出鼓舞人心愿景的领导者能够激励整个国家行动起来。
57switch on
打开
讲解指接通电源使电器开始工作，宾语为代词时须置于中间，如 switch it on
搭配switch on the TV, switch on the heating, switch on a device
近义turn on, power on
反义switch off, turn off
派生switch-on (名词)
Please switch on the lights before the guests arrive at the hall.
请在客人到达大厅之前把灯打开。
58computational linguist
计算语言学家
讲解指用计算机方法研究语言的学者，属学术职业名词，写作中可用于举例论证科技与人文交叉
搭配a computational linguist at a university, work as a computational linguist
近义a language engineer, a natural language processing researcher
派生computational linguistics
A computational linguist designs models that help machines understand human language.
计算语言学家设计帮助机器理解人类语言的模型。
59pilot programme
试点项目
讲解指小范围先行试验、成功后推广的项目，是政策、教育、科技类话题的高频表达
搭配launch a pilot programme, run a pilot programme, a pilot programme for sth
近义a pilot scheme, a trial programme, a test run
派生pilot (动词/形容词)
The government launched a pilot programme to test the new traffic scheme.
政府启动了一个试点项目来检验新的交通方案。
60estate agent
房地产经纪人
讲解英式英语用 estate agent，美式英语常说 realtor 或 real estate agent，住房话题中很实用
搭配a local estate agent, contact an estate agent, an estate agent's fee
近义a realtor, a real estate agent, a property agent
派生estate agency
The estate agent showed us three flats before we finally made an offer.
房地产经纪人带我们看了三套公寓，我们最终才决定出价。