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1standard cabin
标准舱
讲解指飞机、轮船等的最低等级客舱，与头等舱、商务舱相对，多用于旅游、交通类话题。
搭配standard cabin fare / book a standard cabin / standard cabin passenger
近义economy class / coach class
反义first-class cabin / luxury cabin
派生cabin crew（机组人员）
Passengers in the standard cabin still enjoy comfortable seats and free drinks on this flight.
乘坐标准舱的乘客在这趟航班上仍可享受舒适的座椅和免费饮品。
2actual manuscript
真实的手稿
讲解actual 强调真实存在而非复制或虚构，manuscript 指手写稿或未出版原稿，常用于历史、文学话题。
搭配original manuscript / ancient manuscript / a handwritten manuscript
近义authentic document / original text
反义copy / forgery
派生manuscript form（手稿形式）
Historians finally located the actual manuscript written by the author himself in 1850.
历史学家终于找到了作者本人于1850年写下的真实手稿。
3indoor farming
室内农业
讲解指在温室或室内环境中种植作物，是农业科技与粮食安全类雅思阅读写作的常见概念。
搭配indoor farming system / vertical indoor farming / the rise of indoor farming
近义vertical farming / greenhouse cultivation
反义traditional outdoor farming
派生indoor farmer（室内农业从业者）
Indoor farming allows vegetables to grow all year round without depending on natural weather.
室内农业使蔬菜能够全年生长，而不必依赖自然天气。
4antiseptic property
防腐性
讲解antiseptic 指抗菌防腐的，property 此处指特性，搭配常表示某物质的杀菌或防腐功能。
搭配antiseptic property of honey / possess antiseptic properties / natural antiseptic property
近义antibacterial quality / disinfectant feature
派生antiseptic（n. 消毒剂）
Honey has a natural antiseptic property that helps prevent wounds from becoming infected.
蜂蜜具有天然的防腐性，有助于防止伤口感染。
5numerous foodstuffs
大量食品
讲解numerous 修饰可数名词复数，表示数量众多；foodstuffs 指各类食品原料，比 food 更正式。
搭配a variety of foodstuffs / processed foodstuffs / import numerous foodstuffs
近义many food products / a wide range of foods
反义few food items
派生foodstuff（单数形式）
Supermarkets waste numerous foodstuffs every day because of strict appearance standards.
由于严格的外观标准，超市每天都会浪费大量食品。
6detective work
侦探工作
讲解既可指真正的侦探调查，也常比喻为查明真相而做的细致调查工作，写作中可用于研究类论述。
搭配do detective work / painstaking detective work / a piece of detective work
近义investigation / investigative research
派生detective（侦探）
Solving this mystery required careful detective work, including interviews and close reading of old records.
解开这个谜团需要细致的侦探工作，包括访谈和仔细阅读旧记录。
7primeval bacteria
原始细菌
讲解指地球上最早期、结构极简单的细菌，常用于科普、生物类阅读与写作话题。
搭配primeval bacteria, primeval forest, primeval soup
近义ancient bacteria, primitive microbes
派生primeval（形容词）原始的、远古的
Scientists discovered primeval bacteria thriving in the extreme heat of deep-sea vents.
科学家发现原始细菌在深海热泉的极端高温中繁衍生息。
8lingua franca
通用语言
讲解源自意大利语，指不同母语者之间交流共用的语言，雅思文化全球化话题高频。
搭配serve as a lingua franca, a global lingua franca
近义common language, bridge language
派生lingua franca（单复数同形）
English now serves as a lingua franca for international trade and academic research.
英语如今是国际贸易和学术研究的通用语言。
9heritage site
遗址
讲解常指被列入世界遗产名录的文化或自然遗址，旅游与文化保护类话题常用。
搭配world heritage site, cultural heritage site, protect a heritage site
近义historical site, cultural monument
派生heritage（名词）遗产
Millions of tourists visit the heritage site to admire its ancient architecture.
数百万游客参观这处遗址，欣赏其古老的建筑。
10democratic business model
民主的商业模式
讲解指员工共同参与决策、共享收益的经营模式，商业与职场类写作可用。
搭配adopt a democratic business model, a democratic workplace
近义employee-owned model, participatory management
派生democracy（名词）民主
Some start-ups adopt a democratic business model where every employee owns shares.
一些初创企业采用民主的商业模式，每位员工都持有股份。
11personal fulfilment
自我成就感
讲解指通过工作或生活获得的内心满足感，职场与幸福类话题高频表达。
搭配a sense of personal fulfilment, seek personal fulfilment
近义self-fulfilment, self-actualisation
派生fulfil（动词）实现、满足
Many people change careers in search of personal fulfilment rather than higher pay.
许多人换工作是为了追求自我成就感，而非更高的薪水。
12medical facility
医疗设施
讲解泛指医院、诊所等提供医疗服务的场所，公共医疗类话题常用。
搭配build a medical facility, modern medical facilities
近义healthcare facility, medical centre
派生facility（名词）设施
The government plans to build a new medical facility in the rural district.
政府计划在农村地区新建一所医疗设施。
13pump sth. out
大量生产某物
讲解指大批量、快速地生产或产出，常含贬义，暗示数量过多或质量粗糙
搭配pump out goods / pump out products / pump out music
近义churn out / mass-produce / turn out
反义cut back / scale down
Factories along the river pump out thousands of plastic bottles every single day.
沿河的工厂每天大量生产数千个塑料瓶。
14extra-wide eave
格外宽阔的屋檐
讲解建筑类描述用语，eave 常用复数 eaves，指屋檐；extra-wide 强调宽度超出一般
搭配extra-wide eave / overhanging eaves / under the eaves
近义broad roof overhang / wide eaves
派生eavesdrop（原指站在屋檐下偷听）
The traditional house features an extra-wide eave that keeps the summer sun off the walls.
这座传统房屋有格外宽阔的屋檐，可以挡住夏日阳光直射墙面。
15farmable soil
可耕种土壤
讲解环境与农业类高频表达，farmable 由 farm 加后缀 -able 构成，表示“可……的”
搭配farmable soil / farmable land / fertile soil
近义arable soil / cultivable land
反义barren land / infertile soil
派生farmable ← farm + -able
Years of overuse have left little farmable soil on these steep hillsides.
多年的过度使用使这些陡峭山坡上几乎没有可耕种的土壤了。
16make major strides
取得重大进步
讲解写作高分短语，stride 本义“大步”，make strides 喻指稳步前进，常与 major/great 连用
搭配make major strides / make great strides in / significant strides
近义make progress / make headway / advance
反义fall behind / regress
The country has made major strides in reducing air pollution over the past decade.
过去十年间，该国在减少空气污染方面取得了重大进步。
17drama festival
戏剧节
讲解文化活动类名词短语，festival 前常接表主题的名词作定语，如 music/film/drama festival
搭配hold a drama festival / attend a drama festival / annual drama festival
近义theatre festival / performing arts festival
派生festival-goer（参加节庆的人）
Every spring the city hosts a drama festival that attracts performers from all over Asia.
每年春天这座城市都会举办戏剧节，吸引来自亚洲各地的表演者。
18electronic engineering
电子工程学
讲解学科名称，作不可数名词，首字母通常小写；注意与 electrical engineering（电气工程）区分
搭配study electronic engineering / a degree in electronic engineering
近义electrical engineering / electronics
派生electronic engineer（电子工程师）
She chose to study electronic engineering because she had always loved building circuits.
她选择学习电子工程学，因为她一直喜欢搭建电路。
19arid valley
干旱的河谷
讲解arid 强调长期缺水、降水极少，比 dry 更正式，常用于地理、气候类阅读。
搭配arid climate / arid region / arid land
近义dry, parched, barren
反义humid, fertile
Few plants can survive in the arid valley where rainfall is less than 100 mm a year.
在这个年降雨量不足100毫米的干旱河谷中，几乎没有植物能够存活。
20hydraulic jack
液压起重器
讲解hydraulic 意为「液压的」，由液体压力驱动；jack 此处指千斤顶，非人名。
搭配hydraulic jack / hydraulic system / hydraulic pressure
近义hydraulic lift, hoist
派生hydraulics（水力学）
The mechanic used a hydraulic jack to lift the heavy truck off the ground.
机械师用液压千斤顶把沉重的卡车顶离地面。
21be incompatible with
与…不相容
讲解后接名词或动名词，常用 be incompatible with sth；正式书面语，适合议论文。
搭配be incompatible with / mutually incompatible / incompatible goals
近义conflict with, clash with, be at odds with
反义be compatible with, be consistent with
派生incompatibility（不相容）
His aggressive management style is incompatible with the company's collaborative culture.
他激进的管理风格与公司的协作文化不相容。
22cosmic significance
宇宙意义
讲解cosmic 意为「宇宙的」，常与 significance、order、rays 等搭配，多见于科普文。
搭配cosmic significance / cosmic order / cosmic rays
近义universal, celestial
派生cosmos（宇宙）, cosmology（宇宙学）
Ancient people attached cosmic significance to the movement of stars and planets.
古人赋予星辰和行星的运行以宇宙意义。
23original work
原作
讲解original work 指艺术家本人创作的真迹，区别于 copy 或 reproduction。
搭配original work / original manuscript / original painting
近义authentic piece, genuine work
反义copy, reproduction, imitation
The museum displays the original work alongside several later copies.
博物馆将原作与几件后来的复制品一同展出。
24amusement park
游乐场
讲解美式常用 amusement park，英式多说 theme park（主题乐园），二者略有区别。
搭配amusement park / theme park / go to an amusement park
近义funfair, theme park
派生amuse（使发笑）, amusement（娱乐）
The children spent the whole afternoon at the amusement park riding roller coasters.
孩子们在游乐场坐了一下午过山车。
25medieval builders
中世纪的建筑师
讲解指中世纪时期的建筑工匠/建造者，常用于历史或建筑类阅读。
搭配medieval builders, skilled builders, cathedral builders
近义ancient architects, old craftsmen
派生medieval（中世纪的）, builder（建造者）
Medieval builders used heavy stone and timber to construct cathedrals that still stand today.
中世纪的建筑师使用沉重的石头和木材建造了至今仍屹立的大教堂。
26office blocks
办公大楼
讲解指大型办公建筑，常用复数，多用于城市、商业或建筑话题。
搭配glass office blocks, tall office blocks, downtown office blocks
近义office buildings, commercial towers
派生office（办公室）, block（大楼）
Modern cities are filled with glass office blocks that tower over older neighbourhoods.
现代城市里到处是玻璃办公大楼，高耸于较老的街区之上。
27stone beads
石头珠子
讲解指石制珠子，常出现在考古、历史或手工艺语境中。
搭配stone beads, carved beads, ancient beads
近义stone ornaments, stone jewellery
派生stone（石头）, bead（珠子）
Archaeologists discovered small stone beads that were once used as jewellery or trade goods.
考古学家发现了曾用作珠宝或贸易品的小石头珠子。
28on business
出差
讲解表示因公出差，常与 travel、be away、go 等动词连用。
搭配travel on business, go on business, be away on business
近义on a business trip, for work
反义on holiday, for pleasure
She frequently travels on business and often spends several nights in different cities.
她经常出差，常常在不同城市住上几晚。
29head librarian
图书馆馆长
讲解指图书馆的最高负责人，常用于职业、机构或教育类话题。
搭配head librarian, chief librarian, school librarian
近义chief librarian, library director
派生librarian（图书管理员）, library（图书馆）
The head librarian introduced new digital systems to make borrowing books much faster.
图书馆馆长引入了新的数字系统，使借书快得多。
30synthetic fertilizer
合成肥料
讲解指人工化学合成的肥料，常用于农业、环境或科技类阅读。
搭配synthetic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, apply fertilizer
近义chemical fertilizer, artificial fertilizer
反义organic fertilizer, natural manure
派生synthetic（合成的）, fertilizer（肥料）
Farmers who rely on synthetic fertilizer often see higher yields but risk damaging the soil.
依赖合成肥料的农民往往产量更高，但可能损害土壤。
31miasma theory
瘴气理论
讲解医学史高频术语，雅思阅读常考科学史文章，指"bad air"致病说
搭配miasma theory of disease; the miasma theory
近义bad-air theory; foul-air hypothesis
反义germ theory
派生miasmatic (a.) 瘴气的
Before germ theory was accepted, miasma theory blamed diseases on foul air from decaying matter.
在细菌学说被接受之前，瘴气理论将疾病归咎于腐烂物质散发的污浊空气。
32embark on
从事，着手
讲解后接名词或动名词，常与 career/journey/project 搭配，正式书面语
搭配embark on a career; embark on a journey; embark on a new project
近义begin; undertake; launch into
反义abandon; give up
派生embarkation (n.) 开始，从事
After graduation, she decided to embark on a career in environmental journalism.
毕业后，她决定投身环境新闻事业。
33detailed definition
详细定义
讲解学术写作常用，用于引出核心概念，常置于段首或引言部分
搭配provide a detailed definition; a detailed definition of
近义precise definition; thorough explanation
反义vague description
派生define (v.); definitional (a.)
The essay opens with a detailed definition of sustainable development before discussing its limits.
这篇文章先给出可持续发展的详细定义，再讨论其局限。
34kitchen cupboard
碗柜
讲解口语高频生活词汇，雅思听力场景（住房、家居）常出现
搭配open the kitchen cupboard; a cupboard full of
近义cabinet; locker
派生cupboardful (n.) 一柜之量
She reached into the kitchen cupboard and pulled out a jar of honey.
她伸手到碗柜里，拿出一罐蜂蜜。
35malevolent system
恶意体制
讲解文学与社会评论常用，malevolent 强调蓄意伤害的恶意
搭配a malevolent system of control; a malevolent force
近义sinister system; malicious regime
反义benevolent system
派生malevolence (n.) 恶意; malevolently (ad.)
The novel portrays a malevolent system that punishes anyone who questions authority.
这部小说刻画了一个惩罚任何质疑权威者的恶意体制。
36top seller
畅销商品
讲解商业类话题高频，雅思写作可谈消费趋势与市场表现
搭配the company's top seller; a best-selling product
近义bestseller; best-selling item
反义poor seller; slow mover
派生sell (v.); selling point (n.) 卖点
This smartphone has been the company's top seller for three consecutive quarters.
这款智能手机连续三个季度都是该公司的畅销产品。
37dictate price
操纵价格
讲解dictate price 指凭借市场支配地位单方面决定价格，常用于经济、商业类阅读与写作。
搭配dictate price to consumers, dictate market price, power to dictate price
近义set price, control price, fix price
派生dictate terms, price dictation
Large corporations can dictate price in markets where competition is limited.
在竞争有限的市场中，大公司可以操纵价格。
38formal dress code
正式着装规范
讲解formal dress code 指要求正式服装的着装规定，常用 enforce/follow/impose a dress code。
搭配enforce a dress code, follow a dress code, strict dress code
近义formal attire requirement, dress regulations
反义casual dress code, informal attire
派生dress-coded
Many upscale restaurants enforce a formal dress code that bans jeans and sneakers.
许多高档餐厅执行正式着装规范，禁止穿牛仔裤和运动鞋。
39purple solution
紫色溶液
讲解purple solution 指呈紫色的溶液，多用于化学实验描述，常与 turn/form/appear 连用。
搭配a purple solution formed, turn purple, dilute purple solution
近义violet solution
派生solution colour, colour change
The chemist added the reagent drop by drop until a purple solution appeared.
化学家逐滴加入试剂，直到出现紫色溶液。
40refractive index
折射率
讲解refractive index 指光在真空与介质中速度之比，是物理光学常见术语。
搭配high/low refractive index, measure the refractive index
近义index of refraction
派生refract, refraction, refractive
Diamonds have a high refractive index, which gives them their brilliant sparkle.
钻石具有高折射率，这使其闪耀夺目。
41ancestral territory
祖传领地
讲解ancestral territory 指世代相传的祖辈土地，常用于原住民权利、历史类话题。
搭配reclaim ancestral territory, sacred ancestral territory, ancestral lands
近义hereditary land, traditional homeland
派生ancestor, ancestry, ancestral
The tribe fought for years to reclaim its ancestral territory from the government.
该部落为从政府手中收回祖传领地抗争了多年。
42character traits
性格特征
讲解character traits 指稳定的性格特点，常用于心理学、教育类阅读写作。
搭配positive character traits, inherit character traits, personality traits
近义personality traits, personal qualities
派生characteristic, characterize
Psychologists believe that character traits are shaped by both genes and environment.
心理学家认为性格特征由基因和环境共同塑造。
43new-found knowledge
新知识
讲解new-found 是复合形容词，意为“新获得的、新发现的”，常修饰 knowledge、confidence、freedom 等抽象名词，多用于学术写作与雅思大作文。
搭配new-found knowledge, new-found confidence, new-found freedom
近义newly acquired knowledge, recently gained knowledge
派生new-found（形容词，新获得的）
Students can apply their new-found knowledge to solve real-world problems in the community.
学生们可以将新学到的知识应用于解决社区中的现实问题。
44legal principle
法律原则
讲解legal principle 指法律领域的基本准则，常见于法律、社会类雅思阅读与写作，讨论制度与公平时使用。
搭配establish a legal principle, violate a legal principle, a fundamental legal principle
近义legal doctrine, rule of law
派生principle（名词，原则）, principled（形容词，有原则的）
The court ruled that the legal principle of fairness must apply to all citizens equally.
法院裁定，公平这一法律原则必须平等地适用于所有公民。
45equity of access
机会均等
讲解equity of access 意为“获取机会的公平”，强调资源分配的公正，常用于教育、医疗、科技等雅思社会类话题。
搭配equity of access to education, equity of access to healthcare, promote equity of access
近义equal access, fair opportunity
反义inequality of access, exclusion
派生equity（名词，公平）, equitable（形容词，公平的）
Governments should ensure equity of access to education for children from disadvantaged backgrounds.
政府应确保弱势背景的儿童享有平等的受教育机会。
46taxonomic investigation
分类研究
讲解taxonomic investigation 指对生物或事物进行科学分类的研究，属学术用语，多见于雅思阅读自然科学类文章。
搭配conduct a taxonomic investigation, taxonomic classification, taxonomic study
近义classification study, systematic analysis
派生taxonomy（名词，分类学）, taxonomic（形容词，分类学的）
The biologist conducted a taxonomic investigation to classify the newly discovered species.
这位生物学家进行了分类研究，以对新发现的物种进行分类。
47marvellous invention
非凡的发明
讲解marvellous 是英式拼写（美式 marvellous→marvelous），意为“极好的、非凡的”，常修饰 invention、achievement、idea 等，语气强烈。
搭配a marvellous invention, a marvellous achievement, a marvellous opportunity
近义wonderful invention, remarkable invention
反义ordinary invention, unremarkable invention
派生marvel（名词/动词，奇迹/惊叹）, marvellously（副词，极好地）
The smartphone is a marvellous invention that has transformed how people communicate worldwide.
智能手机是一项非凡的发明，它改变了全世界人们的交流方式。
48diet restriction
饮食限制
讲解diet restriction 指对饮食种类或数量的限制，常用于健康、医学类雅思话题，可与 dietary restriction 互换。
搭配impose diet restriction, strict diet restriction, dietary restriction
近义dietary limitation, food restriction
反义balanced diet, unrestricted eating
派生restrict（动词，限制）, restrictive（形容词，限制性的）
Doctors recommend diet restriction for patients who need to control their blood sugar levels.
医生建议需要控制血糖水平的患者进行饮食限制。
49cereal crops
谷类作物
讲解指小麦、水稻、玉米等可食用的禾谷类作物，为可数名词复数，雅思农业类话题高频
搭配cereal crops yield | grow cereal crops | a field of cereal crops
近义grain crops | food crops
派生cereal 谷物的；谷类食品
Farmers in this region mainly grow cereal crops such as wheat, rice and barley.
该地区的农民主要种植小麦、水稻和大麦等谷类作物。
50overwhelming temptation
无法抗拒的诱惑力
讲解overwhelming 意为“压倒性的、难以抵挡的”，常修饰 temptation/desire/urge，语气强烈
搭配resist an overwhelming temptation | an overwhelming temptation to do sth
近义an irresistible urge | a strong desire
反义a slight reluctance
Despite her diet, she felt an overwhelming temptation to eat the chocolate cake.
尽管在节食，她还是感到一股无法抗拒的诱惑想吃那块巧克力蛋糕。
51legal contract
法律合同
讲解指具有法律约束力的正式协议，商务、法律类雅思阅读写作常见
搭配sign a legal contract | breach a legal contract | a binding legal contract
近义a legally binding agreement | a formal agreement
派生contractual 合同的；契约的
Before buying the house, you should read the legal contract carefully.
买房之前，你应该仔细阅读这份法律合同。
52competitive freediver
有竞争力的自由潜水员
讲解freediver 指不使用呼吸设备、仅凭一口气下潜的潜水员，competitive 强调参加竞技比赛
搭配a competitive freediver | competitive swimming | hold one's breath
近义a professional diver | an elite athlete
派生freediving 自由潜水
As a competitive freediver, he can hold his breath for over five minutes.
作为一名有竞争力的自由潜水员，他能屏住呼吸五分多钟。
53administrative charge
行政收费
讲解指办理手续等行政事务收取的费用，多用于商务、旅行场景，注意与 service charge 区分
搭配an administrative charge for sth | impose an administrative charge | a small administrative charge
近义a handling fee | an administration fee
派生administration 管理；行政
The airline added an administrative charge for changing the flight date.
航空公司为更改航班日期加收了一笔行政收费。
54keep the pace with (
与…)并驾齐驱；(与…)步调一致
讲解表示“跟上……的步伐”，keep pace with 更常见，加 the 亦可；常接 change/development
搭配keep the pace with sth | keep pace with the times | fall behind the pace
近义keep up with | keep abreast of
反义fall behind | lag behind
To keep the pace with rapid technological change, workers must keep learning new skills.
为了跟上技术的快速变化，劳动者必须不断学习新技能。
55breeding reserves
繁殖储备
讲解指为保护濒危物种而设立的繁育基地或种群储备，常用于环保、生态类雅思阅读写作
搭配breeding programme, breeding reserve, captive breeding
近义conservation stock, breeding population
派生breed (v.) 繁殖；breeding (n.) 繁殖
Zoologists argue that breeding reserves are essential for saving endangered species from extinction.
动物学家认为，繁殖储备对于使濒危物种免于灭绝至关重要。
56visitor satisfaction
游客满意度
讲解旅游、服务业话题高频名词短语，常与 measure, improve, boost 等动词搭配
搭配measure visitor satisfaction, boost visitor satisfaction, high/low visitor satisfaction
近义customer satisfaction, guest satisfaction
反义visitor dissatisfaction
派生satisfy (v.) 使满意；satisfactory (adj.) 令人满意的
The museum conducts regular surveys to measure visitor satisfaction and improve its services.
博物馆定期开展调查，以衡量游客满意度并改进服务。
57in chronological order
按时间顺序
讲解表示按时间先后排列，常用于描述历史、展览、事件叙述的写作和阅读
搭配arrange in chronological order, list in chronological order
近义in time order, sequentially
反义in reverse order, randomly
派生chronology (n.) 年代顺序；chronological (adj.) 按时间顺序的
The exhibits in the gallery are arranged in chronological order, from ancient times to the present.
画廊里的展品按时间顺序排列，从古代一直到当代。
58delicate art
精致的艺术
讲解指需要精细技巧的技艺，也可引申为处理棘手问题的高超本领
搭配master a delicate art, practise a delicate art
近义fine art, subtle skill
派生delicate (adj.) 精致的；delicately (adv.) 精细地
Restoring ancient paintings is a delicate art that requires patience and years of training.
修复古画是一门精致的艺术，需要耐心和多年的训练。
59wear down
磨损
讲解既可指物体被磨损，也可指人的体力或意志被逐渐消磨，注意与 wear out 区分
搭配wear down the surface, wear down resistance, gradually wear down
近义erode, wear away
反义strengthen, reinforce
派生worn (adj.) 磨损的；wear (n.) 磨损
Constant foot traffic on the stone steps has gradually worn down the surface over centuries.
几个世纪以来，石阶上不断的人流逐渐把表面磨损了。
60end up doing...
最终结果是…
讲解表示经过一系列过程后最终出现某种（常出乎意料的）结果，后接动名词
搭配end up doing sth, end up with, end up in
近义wind up doing, turn out to
派生ending (n.) 结局；endless (adj.) 无尽的
If governments ignore environmental problems, they will end up doing far more harm than good.
如果政府忽视环境问题，最终会弊大于利。