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1basic premise
基本假设
讲解常用于学术写作中引出论证的出发点，后接that从句或of短语
记忆premise=pre(前)+mise(送)→事先送出的设定→前提
搭配the basic premise of, rest on a premise, challenge the premise
近义fundamental assumption, underlying premise
派生premised (adj.) 以…为前提的
The basic premise of the argument is that all humans deserve equal rights.
这个论证的基本假设是所有人都应享有平等权利。
2impartial view
公正的看法
讲解强调不偏袒任何一方，常用于描述法官、记者、研究者的立场
搭配an impartial view of, remain impartial, take an impartial view
近义unbiased view, neutral perspective, objective stance
反义biased view, partial opinion
派生impartiality (n.) 公正性
A judge must maintain an impartial view when hearing both sides of a case.
法官在听取案件双方陈述时必须保持公正的看法。
3face major risks
面临重大风险
讲解用于商业、健康、环境等语境，强调可能遭遇严重后果
搭配face major risks in, face major risks from, be exposed to major risks
近义run serious risks, be at significant risk
反义avoid risks, minimize risks
派生risky (adj.) 有风险的
Investors who put all their money in one stock face major risks.
把所有钱投入一只股票的投资者面临重大风险。
4natural wetland
自然湿地
讲解环境类话题高频，常与protect、destroy、restore等动词搭配
搭配protect natural wetlands, restore natural wetlands, wetland conservation
近义natural marshland, natural marsh
派生wetland (n.) 湿地
The natural wetland provides a vital habitat for countless migratory birds.
这片自然湿地为无数候鸟提供了重要的栖息地。
5archaeological site
考古遗址
讲解历史与旅游话题常用，注意site前用archaeological而非archaeology
搭配excavate an archaeological site, preserve an archaeological site
近义excavation site, historical ruins
派生archaeology (n.) 考古学; archaeologist (n.) 考古学家
Tourists are strictly forbidden from removing any relics from the archaeological site.
游客被严禁从考古遗址带走任何文物。
6preservative agent
防腐剂
讲解食品与健康话题词汇，agent指起某种作用的物质或成分
搭配add a preservative agent, contain a preservative agent
近义preservative, food additive
派生preserve (v.) 保存; preservation (n.) 保存
Many processed foods contain a preservative agent that keeps them fresh for months.
许多加工食品含有一种使其保鲜数月的防腐剂。
7plastic money
信用卡
讲解口语/写作中可指信用卡或银行卡，常用于消费支付类话题
搭配plastic money transactions, pay with plastic money, rely on plastic money
近义credit card, debit card, bank card
反义cash, coins
Many young people prefer plastic money to cash because it is convenient and secure.
许多年轻人更喜欢信用卡而非现金，因为它方便又安全。
8radical strategy
根本策略
讲解强调策略上的根本性、彻底性，适合商业、管理类写作
搭配adopt a radical strategy, a radical change in strategy, pursue a radical strategy
近义drastic strategy, bold approach
反义conservative strategy, moderate approach
The company adopted a radical strategy to enter the overseas market within one year.
该公司采取了一项根本策略，在一年内进入海外市场。
9set up a factory
建厂
讲解常用于经济、就业、区域发展类话题，后接地点
搭配set up a factory overseas, set up a factory in rural areas, plan to set up a factory
近义build a plant, establish a manufacturing base
派生factory setup, factory construction
The government encouraged foreign firms to set up a factory in the rural area.
政府鼓励外国公司在农村地区建厂。
10upside down
上下颠倒；翻转
讲解表示上下颠倒或翻转，也可引申为混乱、彻底改变
搭配turn upside down, hang upside down, be turned upside down
近义inverted, reversed
反义right side up, upright
The picture on the wall was hung upside down, which looked rather strange.
墙上的画挂倒了，看起来相当奇怪。
11concrete evidence
证据确凿
讲解学术写作中强调证据具体、可靠，常与 provide, lack 连用
搭配provide concrete evidence, lack concrete evidence, concrete evidence of
近义solid evidence, hard evidence
反义vague evidence, speculation
The researcher failed to provide concrete evidence to support his controversial claim.
这位研究者未能提供确凿证据来支持他有争议的主张。
12air-traffic controller
空中交通控制员
讲解职业类话题词汇，指负责指挥飞机起降与航行的专业人员
搭配work as an air-traffic controller, an experienced air-traffic controller
近义flight controller, traffic controller
派生air-traffic control
An air-traffic controller must stay calm while guiding dozens of planes safely.
空中交通控制员在引导数十架飞机安全飞行时必须保持冷静。
13historical sources
历史资源
讲解historical sources 指研究历史所依据的文字、实物、口述等材料，学术写作中常用复数形式
搭配primary/secondary historical sources, consult historical sources, draw on historical sources
近义historical records, historical documents, historical materials
派生historical source material
Historians rely on various historical sources to reconstruct the daily life of ancient civilisations.
历史学家依靠各种历史资料来重建古代文明的日常生活。
14perpetual control system
永久的控制系统
讲解perpetual control system 强调系统持续、不间断地运行，多用于工程与技术类雅思阅读写作
搭配maintain a perpetual control system, install a perpetual control system
近义continuous control system, permanent control system
反义temporary control system, intermittent control system
Engineers designed a perpetual control system that keeps the temperature stable without human intervention.
工程师设计了一套永久的控制系统，无需人工干预即可保持温度稳定。
15battering ram
攻城槌
讲解battering ram 本义为攻城槌，引申可指反复施压的强大力量或手段
搭配use a battering ram, act as a battering ram
近义siege engine, ram
派生ram (v.) 猛撞
Ancient armies used a battering ram to break through the heavy wooden gates of the fortress.
古代军队用攻城槌撞开堡垒厚重的木门。
16reliable data
可靠数据
讲解reliable data 指可信、可重复验证的数据，是学术论证中支撑结论的关键
搭配collect reliable data, reliable data on, provide reliable data
近义trustworthy data, dependable data, credible data
反义unreliable data, flawed data
派生reliability (n.) 可靠性
Scientists must gather reliable data before drawing any conclusions about the long-term effects of the drug.
科学家在就药物的长期影响得出结论之前，必须收集可靠的数据。
17vertical farm
垂直农场
讲解vertical farm 指在多层建筑中立体种植的农业模式，常出现在环境与城市化话题
搭配set up a vertical farm, urban vertical farm, vertical farming
近义indoor farming, high-rise farming
派生vertical farming (n.) 垂直农业
A vertical farm can grow fresh vegetables all year round using far less land and water.
垂直农场可以用少得多的土地和水全年种植新鲜蔬菜。
18correspond to
相一致
讲解correspond to 表示两者相符或对应，注意与 correspond with（通信/相符）的区别
搭配correspond to reality, correspond to expectations, closely correspond to
近义match, coincide with, align with
反义differ from, contradict
派生correspondence (n.) 相符；对应
The rise in average temperatures appears to correspond to the increase in industrial emissions.
平均气温的上升似乎与工业排放的增加相一致。
19knock-on effect
连锁反应
讲解多用于描述某一事件引发的一系列间接后果，常见于社会、经济类雅思写作话题
搭配have a knock-on effect on, a knock-on effect for, cause a knock-on effect
近义ripple effect, chain reaction, domino effect
The closure of the factory had a knock-on effect on local businesses and employment.
这家工厂的关闭对当地商业和就业产生了连锁反应。
20migration corridor
迁徙地带
讲解指动物迁徙所经的固定路线或地带，常用于环境与生态类阅读和写作
搭配a migration corridor for, along a migration corridor, establish a migration corridor
近义migratory route, flyway, migration path
Scientists tracked birds along a migration corridor stretching from Europe to Africa.
科学家沿着一条从欧洲延伸到非洲的迁徙地带追踪鸟类。
21cellular fluid
细胞液
讲解生物学常用表达，指细胞内部或周围的液体，多见于科普类阅读材料
搭配cellular fluid movement, loss of cellular fluid, cellular fluid balance
近义intracellular fluid, cytoplasm
The movement of cellular fluid helps transport nutrients throughout the plant.
细胞液的流动有助于在植物体内运输养分。
22jeopardise human health
危及人类健康
讲解jeopardise 意为“使处于危险中”，比 harm 更正式，适合雅思写作环境与健康话题
记忆jeopardise 与 jeopardy（危险）同源，联想“使陷入危险”
搭配jeopardise health, seriously jeopardise, jeopardise the chances of
近义endanger, threaten, put at risk
反义protect, safeguard
Excessive use of pesticides can jeopardise human health in rural communities.
过度使用农药可能危及农村社区的人类健康。
23porcelain tile
瓷砖
讲解建筑与家居类具体名词，阅读中常出现在房屋描述或装修语境
搭配porcelain tiles, lay porcelain tiles, a porcelain tile floor
近义ceramic tile, tiling
The bathroom floor was covered with glossy porcelain tiles that were easy to clean.
浴室地面铺着易于清洁的光滑瓷砖。
24preserve an element of uncertainty
保留一项不确定因素
讲解学术写作中用于强调严谨性，避免绝对化表述，适合讨论研究方法或科学态度
搭配preserve an element of uncertainty, retain an element of doubt, introduce an element of uncertainty
近义maintain some doubt, keep a degree of ambiguity
反义state with certainty, assert definitively
Good scientific writing should preserve an element of uncertainty rather than overstate conclusions.
优秀的科学写作应保留一定的不确定性，而非夸大结论。
25involve in
卷入，参加
讲解常用 involve oneself in 或 be involved in，表示主动参与或被动卷入，注意介词固定为 in
搭配involve oneself in, be involved in, get involved in
近义take part in, participate in, engage in
反义withdraw from, opt out of
派生involvement, involved
Students who involve themselves in campus clubs often develop stronger communication skills.
参与校园社团的学生往往能培养出更强的沟通能力。
26hybrid building
混合建筑
讲解hybrid 指两种以上功能或元素混合，hybrid building 常用于城市规划与建筑类话题
搭配hybrid building, hybrid model, hybrid working
近义mixed-use building, combined structure
派生hybridise, hybridisation
The city centre is now full of hybrid buildings that mix offices with residential flats.
市中心如今满是把办公室和住宅结合起来的混合建筑。
27intellectual skill
智力技能
讲解intellectual 强调与思维、智力相关，常与 skill、ability、development 等搭配
搭配intellectual skill, intellectual ability, intellectual development
近义cognitive skill, mental ability
反义physical skill
派生intellect, intellectual, intellectually
Reading critically is an intellectual skill that universities should cultivate in every student.
批判性阅读是一项大学应当培养每位学生的智力技能。
28install an outdoor pool
盖一个室外泳池
讲解install 多指安装设备或设施，与 pool 搭配时意为建造、设置，注意冠词 an
搭配install an outdoor pool, install equipment, install a system
近义put in, set up, build
反义remove, dismantle
派生installation, installer
The hotel plans to install an outdoor pool before the busy summer season begins.
这家酒店打算在繁忙的夏季来临前盖一个室外泳池。
29solid evidence
确凿的证据
讲解solid 在此意为可靠、有说服力，solid evidence 是学术写作中常见的论证用语
搭配solid evidence, solid proof, solid argument
近义convincing evidence, strong proof
反义weak evidence, flimsy proof
The report offers solid evidence that regular exercise improves mental health.
该报告提供了确凿的证据，证明规律运动能改善心理健康。
30unpredictable noise
不可预测的噪音
讲解unpredictable 指无法预料的，修饰 noise 强调其发生时间和强度都不固定
搭配unpredictable noise, unpredictable weather, unpredictable outcome
近义erratic noise, irregular noise
反义predictable noise, steady noise
派生predict, predictable, prediction
Residents near the airport complain about unpredictable noise throughout the night.
机场附近的居民抱怨整夜都有难以预测的噪音。
31personal preference
个人喜好
讲解名词短语，常用于雅思写作讨论个人选择与自由的话题，前面常加 own。
搭配personal preference for, based on personal preference, show a personal preference
近义individual taste, personal liking, one's own choice
反义collective decision, imposed choice
派生prefer (v.), preferable (adj.), preferably (adv.)
When choosing a university course, students should consider their own personal preference rather than their parents' wishes.
在选择大学课程时，学生应考虑自己的个人喜好，而不是父母的意愿。
32travel agency
旅行社
讲解可数名词短语，指提供旅游服务的机构，雅思口语旅行类话题高频词。
搭配book through a travel agency, a local travel agency, travel agency staff
近义tour operator, travel service, booking agent
派生travel agent (n. 旅行代理人)
Booking through a travel agency can save time, but many travellers now prefer arranging trips online.
通过旅行社预订可以节省时间，但如今许多旅行者更愿意在线安排行程。
33personal assessment
个人评价
讲解名词短语，多用于职场、教育语境，强调对自身能力的主观评价。
搭配make a personal assessment, honest personal assessment, personal assessment of
近义self-evaluation, self-appraisal, self-reflection
派生assess (v.), assessment (n.), assessor (n.)
A honest personal assessment of your strengths and weaknesses is essential before writing a CV.
在写简历之前，诚实地对自身优缺点进行个人评估至关重要。
34parallel to
与…平行
讲解形容词短语，后接名词，描述方向或位置的平行关系，也可引申为相似。
搭配run parallel to, be parallel to, parallel to the coast
近义alongside, side by side with, similar to
反义perpendicular to, at an angle to
The new railway line runs parallel to the old highway for almost twenty kilometres.
新铁路线与旧公路平行延伸了近二十公里。
35reckless use
大肆使用
讲解名词短语，含贬义，指不加节制地滥用某物，常见于环境类写作。
搭配reckless use of resources, reckless use of chemicals, the reckless use of
近义careless use, excessive use, irresponsible use
反义prudent use, careful use, responsible use
派生recklessly (adv.), recklessness (n.)
The reckless use of pesticides has damaged soil quality and harmed local wildlife.
大肆使用农药已破坏土壤质量并危害当地野生动物。
36pleasurable sensation
愉快的感觉
讲解名词短语，指身体或心理上令人愉快的感觉，多用于描述体验。
搭配a pleasurable sensation of, experience a pleasurable sensation, give sb a pleasurable sensation
近义pleasant feeling, enjoyable sensation, delightful feeling
反义unpleasant sensation, painful feeling
派生pleasure (n.), pleasurable (adj.), pleasurably (adv.)
A warm bath after a long day gives most people a pleasurable sensation of relaxation.
漫长一天后洗个热水澡会给大多数人带来一种愉悦的放松感。
37delve into
探究
讲解delve into 后接抽象名词，如数据、历史、问题，语气比 look into 更正式，适合学术写作。
记忆联想 dive into（跳入水中），delve 就是往深处挖，故为“深入探究”。
搭配delve into details / delve into a topic / delve deeply into
近义dig into, probe into, explore
派生delving (n.) 深入探究
Researchers often delve into historical records to understand how ancient trade routes shaped modern economies.
研究者常常深入探究历史记录，以了解古代贸易路线如何塑造了现代经济。
38credible tourism information base
可靠的旅游信息库
讲解该短语常用于旅游类雅思写作，强调信息来源可靠、可供公众查询，多作主语或宾语。
记忆credible 来自 cred（相信）+ ible（可……的），即“可信的”。
搭配build a credible information base / reliable tourism database
近义trustworthy tourism database, reliable travel resource
反义unreliable information source
A credible tourism information base helps visitors avoid scams and plan their trips more efficiently.
一个可靠的旅游信息库能帮助游客避开骗局，并更高效地规划行程。
39voluntary staff
志愿者
讲解voluntary staff 指不领薪的志愿人员，强调整体群体；指个人常用 volunteer。
记忆volunteer 源自拉丁语 voluntas（意愿），自愿做某事即为志愿。
搭配recruit voluntary staff / train voluntary staff / voluntary work
近义unpaid helpers, volunteers
反义paid employees, salaried workers
Many museums rely on voluntary staff to guide visitors and organise community events.
许多博物馆依靠志愿者来引导游客并组织社区活动。
40low literacy level
低文化水平
讲解该短语描述教育程度偏低，多用于社会问题类写作，可作定语或表语。
记忆literacy 来自 letter（字母），识字即 literacy，low 表示程度低。
搭配raise the literacy level / literacy rate / adult literacy
近义poor literacy, limited education
反义high literacy level
Regions with a low literacy level often struggle to attract skilled workers and foreign investment.
文化水平较低的地区往往难以吸引技术工人和外国投资。
41mail out
批量邮寄
讲解mail out 指成批寄送，宾语为信件、传单等，宾语可置于 out 前或后。
记忆mail（邮件）+ out（向外发出），即把邮件发出去。
搭配mail out brochures / mail out invitations / mail out to customers
近义send out, dispatch
反义receive, collect
The charity plans to mail out thousands of leaflets to raise awareness of the campaign.
该慈善机构计划批量寄出数千份传单，以提高人们对这场运动的关注。
42conscious of
意识到
讲解be conscious of 后接名词或动名词，表示意识到某事实，比 aware of 稍正式。
记忆conscious 来自 con（共同）+ sci（知道），即“心里知道的”。
搭配be conscious of the risk / become conscious of / environmentally conscious
近义aware of, mindful of, alert to
反义unconscious of, oblivious to
派生consciousness (n.) 意识
Consumers are increasingly conscious of the environmental impact of the products they buy.
消费者越来越意识到自己所购产品对环境的影响。
43emergency contact person
紧急联络人
用 指遇到紧急情况时可联系的人，常见于表格、报名表、入职文件。
搭配emergency contact number / list sb as an emergency contact
近义emergency contact / next of kin
派生contact (v./n.) 联系；contactable (adj.) 可联系的
Please write down an emergency contact person on the form in case of any accident.
请在表格上写下紧急联络人，以防发生任何意外。
44brand new
全新的，崭新的
用 强调“完全是新的”，常作定语或表语，语气比 new 更强。
搭配a brand new car / brand new to sb
近义completely new / fresh
反义second-hand / worn-out
派生brand-new (adj.) 全新的
After the renovation, the library looks brand new and attracts many more students.
翻新之后，图书馆看起来焕然一新，吸引了更多学生。
45contemporary technology
现代化科技
用 contemporary 指“当代的、现代的”，technology 为不可数名词，常作主语。
搭配modern technology / advanced technology / information technology
近义modern technology / up-to-date technology
反义outdated technology
派生contemporary (adj.) 当代的；technological (adj.) 技术的
Contemporary technology has made online learning far more convenient for students.
现代科技使在线学习对学生来说方便得多。
46staff benefits
员工福利
用 指公司给员工的福利，常用复数；写作中可替代 welfare。
搭配offer/provide staff benefits / employee benefits package
近义employee benefits / perks
派生benefit (n./v.) 好处；使受益
Many companies offer flexible staff benefits such as health insurance and paid leave.
许多公司提供灵活的员工福利，如健康保险和带薪休假。
47demographic trend
人口统计趋势
用 指人口结构变化趋势，常见于社会类雅思写作。
搭配an ageing population / population growth / birth rate
近义population trend / demographic change
派生demography (n.) 人口统计学；demographic (adj.) 人口的
An ageing population is one of the most obvious demographic trends in developed countries.
人口老龄化是发达国家最明显的人口统计趋势之一。
48gift voucher
礼品券
用 指可当礼物赠送、在指定商店消费的券，英式常用 voucher。
搭配a gift voucher for / redeem a gift voucher
近义gift card / gift certificate
派生voucher (n.) 代金券
She received a gift voucher for a bookshop and bought several novels with it.
她收到一张书店礼品券，并用它买了几本小说。
49die out
灭绝
讲解不及物动词短语，主语多为物种、语言、习俗等，强调逐渐消失的过程
搭配die out completely, be dying out, on the verge of dying out
近义become extinct, vanish, disappear
反义survive, thrive, flourish
派生extinction (n. 灭绝)
Many rare species will die out if their habitats continue to shrink.
如果栖息地继续缩小，许多稀有物种将会灭绝。
50transient worker
短期工
讲解可数名词短语，指临时、流动的劳动者，常出现在社会类雅思阅读中
搭配hire transient workers, a transient workforce, transient labour
近义temporary worker, migrant worker, casual labourer
反义permanent employee, long-term staff
派生transience (n. 短暂)
Transient workers often move between cities in search of better wages.
短期工常常为了更高的工资在城市之间流动。
51a viable company
一家能存活的公司
讲解viable 指能生存、可行的；商业语境中常与 company、business 搭配
搭配a viable business, remain viable, economically viable
近义a sustainable company, a profitable firm
反义a failing company, an unviable business
派生viability (n. 可行性)
Without steady investment, it is hard to remain a viable company.
没有稳定的投资，一家公司很难保持存活。
52exotic plant
外来植物
讲解exotic 指非本地引入的，生态话题中常带负面含义，注意与 native 对比
搭配exotic species, introduce exotic plants, exotic flowers
近义non-native plant, alien species
反义native plant, indigenous species
派生exoticism (n. 异国情调)
Exotic plants may spread quickly and threaten native species in the area.
外来植物可能迅速蔓延，威胁当地的本土物种。
53keep one's proposal
保留建议
讲解keep 此处意为保留、留存，proposal 前可用形容词修饰说明性质
搭配keep a proposal on file, keep an open proposal, reject a proposal
近义retain a proposal, hold onto a suggestion
反义withdraw a proposal, discard a proposal
派生proposal (n. 提议)
The committee decided to keep his proposal for further discussion.
委员会决定保留他的建议以便进一步讨论。
54stare down
盯得(某人)不敢对视
讲解及物动词短语，指以坚定目光压倒对方，含对抗意味，多用于叙事或比喻
搭配stare sb down, stare down the opposition, a staring contest
近义outstare, intimidate, face down
反义look away, back down
派生stare (n./v. 凝视)
The negotiator managed to stare down his opponent without saying a word.
那位谈判者一言不发，成功盯得对手不敢对视。
55transport infrastructure
交通运输基础设施
讲解指公路、铁路、港口、机场等交通设施的总称，雅思写作中常用于政府投资类话题
搭配transport infrastructure investment, improve transport infrastructure, public transport infrastructure
近义transportation system, transport network
派生infrastructure n. 基础设施
The government has invested heavily in transport infrastructure to connect rural areas with major cities.
政府大力投资交通运输基础设施，以连接农村地区与主要城市。
56mental disorder
精神疾病；精神障碍
讲解可数名词短语，泛指各类精神障碍；雅思中常用于健康、社会包容类话题
搭配suffer from a mental disorder, diagnose a mental disorder, common mental disorders
近义mental illness, psychological disorder
反义mental health, mental well-being
派生disorder n. 失调；混乱
People suffering from mental disorders often face stigma and discrimination in the workplace.
患有精神疾病的人在工作场所常常面临污名和歧视。
57social perception
社会认知
讲解心理学术语，指人如何感知和解读他人及社会信息；雅思阅读中偶见
搭配social perception research, influence social perception, accurate social perception
近义social cognition, interpersonal perception
派生perceive v. 感知；perception n. 认知
Studies show that social perception is shaped by cultural background and personal experience.
研究表明，社会认知受到文化背景和个人经历的影响。
58keep an open mind
不抱成见
讲解口语写作常用，表示愿意接受新观点；常与 about/towards 搭配
搭配keep an open mind about, keep an open mind towards new ideas
近义be open-minded, be receptive to
反义be narrow-minded, be prejudiced
When studying abroad, you should keep an open mind and embrace different customs and values.
出国留学时，你应当不抱成见，接纳不同的习俗和价值观。
59protective awnings
防护遮篷
讲解具体名词短语，指遮阳挡雨的篷布；雅思场景中多见于建筑、城市规划描述
搭配install protective awnings, retractable awnings, canvas awnings
近义canopies, sunshades
The café installed protective awnings so that customers could sit outside even in light rain.
这家咖啡馆安装了防护遮篷，这样顾客即使在小雨中也能坐在户外。
60loss of autonomy
失去自主权
讲解抽象名词短语，指失去自主决定的能力；雅思中常用于老龄化、医疗伦理话题
搭配suffer a loss of autonomy, fear the loss of autonomy, gradual loss of autonomy
近义loss of independence, loss of self-determination
反义gain autonomy, preserve independence
Elderly people in care homes sometimes experience a gradual loss of autonomy over daily decisions.
养老院中的老年人有时会在日常决策上逐渐失去自主权。