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1nursing care
护理
讲解不可数名词短语，指专业护理服务；常用于医疗、养老话题，雅思写作中可讨论老龄化社会
搭配nursing care home, receive nursing care, quality nursing care
近义medical care, health care, patient care
派生nursing (n./adj.), nurse (n./v.)
Elderly patients in rural areas often struggle to afford proper nursing care.
农村地区的老年患者往往难以负担适当的护理费用。
2note down
记录；记下
讲解动词短语，强调快速记录；比 write down 稍正式，常用于学术场景
搭配note down details, note down information, carefully note down
近义write down, jot down, record
反义forget, ignore
派生noted (adj.), noteworthy (adj.)
Students should note down key points while listening to the lecture.
学生们在听讲座时应该记下要点。
3spectacular growth
惊人的增长
讲解名词短语，spectacular 表示“令人惊叹的”；常用于描述经济、城市发展等积极变化
搭配economic growth, rapid growth, sustain growth
近义remarkable growth, dramatic growth, impressive growth
反义gradual decline, slow growth
派生spectacularly (adv.)
The city has experienced spectacular growth in its technology sector over the past decade.
过去十年里，这座城市的科技行业经历了惊人的增长。
4financial burden
财政负担
讲解名词短语，常与 place/impose 搭配；雅思写作中讨论社会福利、教育成本等话题的高频表达
搭配impose a financial burden, ease the financial burden, heavy financial burden
近义economic burden, monetary strain, fiscal pressure
反义financial relief, financial support
派生burden (v.), burdensome (adj.)
The rising cost of healthcare places a heavy financial burden on low-income families.
医疗费用的上涨给低收入家庭带来了沉重的财政负担。
5deprive sb. of sth.
剥夺某人的某物
讲解动词短语，deprive 后接 sb. of sth.，常用于被动语态 be deprived of；正式书面用语
搭配be deprived of rights, deprive sb. of freedom, deprive sb. of opportunities
近义strip sb. of sth., deny sb. sth.
反义provide sb. with sth., grant sb. sth.
派生deprivation (n.), deprived (adj.)
The new policy may deprive rural communities of access to basic education.
新政策可能会剥夺农村社区获得基础教育的机会。
6unprecedented land clearance
前所未有的开荒
讲解名词短语，unprecedented 强调“史无前例的”；常用于环境类雅思写作，讨论生态破坏
搭配large-scale land clearance, illegal land clearance, land clearance for agriculture
近义massive deforestation, extensive land clearing
反义land conservation, reforestation
派生clear (v.), clearance (n.), unprecedented (adj.)
Unprecedented land clearance has destroyed habitats for countless endangered species.
前所未有的开荒已经破坏了无数濒危物种的栖息地。
7optimal context
最佳的环境
讲解形容词 optimal 意为“最佳的、最理想的”，比 best 更正式，常用于学术写作。
搭配optimal context for, optimal conditions, optimal performance
近义ideal environment, perfect setting
反义poor context, unfavourable conditions
派生optimum (n.), optimally (adv.)
Children learn languages best in an optimal context where they hear native speakers daily.
孩子们在每天都能听到母语者的最佳环境中学习语言效果最好。
8wander around
漫步，闲逛
讲解wander around 强调无目的地随意走动，常与 aimlessly、on foot 搭配，口语写作皆可。
搭配wander around the city, wander around aimlessly, wander around the streets
近义stroll around, roam around
反义stay put, remain still
派生wanderer (n.), wandering (adj.)
Tourists love to wander around the narrow streets of the old town on foot.
游客喜欢步行在老城的狭窄街道上漫步闲逛。
9measuring cup
量杯
讲解measuring cup 是厨房与实验常用工具，美式英语常用，英式多说 measuring jug。
搭配a plastic measuring cup, fill the measuring cup, a set of measuring cups
近义measuring jug
派生measure (v./n.), measurement (n.)
She poured the flour into a measuring cup before adding it to the mixture.
她先把面粉倒入量杯，然后才把它加入混合物中。
10adverse effect
不利影响；负面作用
讲解adverse effect 为正式表达，常用搭配 have an adverse effect on，雅思写作高频。
搭配have an adverse effect on, adverse effects of, adverse impact
近义negative impact, harmful consequence
反义positive effect, beneficial influence
派生adversely (adv.), adversity (n.)
Excessive use of smartphones may have an adverse effect on teenagers' mental health.
过度使用智能手机可能对青少年的心理健康产生不利影响。
11at regular intervals
定期
讲解at regular intervals 表示按固定时间间隔发生，也可指空间间隔。
搭配at regular intervals of, check at regular intervals, meet at regular intervals
近义periodically, on a regular basis
反义irregularly, sporadically
Employees are required to submit progress reports at regular intervals throughout the year.
员工被要求在一整年中定期提交进度报告。
12enormous stationary pendulum
巨大的稳定钟摆
讲解stationary 意为“静止的”，注意与 stationery（文具）拼写区别，考试易混。
搭配a stationary object, remain stationary, a stationary vehicle
近义motionless, immobile
反义moving, mobile
派生stationarity (n.)
The enormous stationary pendulum hung motionless in the centre of the science museum.
那个巨大的稳定钟摆一动不动地悬挂在科学博物馆的中央。
13psychological principle
心理学原理
讲解学术语域名词短语，常用于教育、行为类雅思阅读与写作，指经实验验证的心理规律
搭配psychological principle of learning | apply a psychological principle | basic psychological principle
近义mental principle | behavioural principle
派生psychologically (adv.) | psychologist (n.)
The psychological principle of reinforcement explains why praise often changes behaviour more effectively than punishment.
强化的心理学原理解释了为什么表扬往往比惩罚更有效地改变行为。
14expressive machinery
表达机制
讲解抽象名词短语，指实现情感或思想表达的内在系统，多见于语言学与心理学文章
搭配the expressive machinery of language | human expressive machinery
近义expressive system | means of expression
派生expression (n.) | expressive (adj.) | expressively (adv.)
Language provides the expressive machinery through which children learn to share feelings and ideas with others.
语言提供了表达机制，儿童借此学会与他人分享情感和想法。
15fraternal twins
异卵双胞胎
讲解生物学与遗传学高频词，与 identical twins(同卵双胞胎)相对，常出现在双胞胎研究语境
搭配fraternal twin studies | a pair of fraternal twins
近义non-identical twins | dizygotic twins
反义identical twins
派生fraternity (n.) | fraternal (adj.)
Unlike identical twins, fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs and may look quite different.
与同卵双胞胎不同，异卵双胞胎由两个不同的卵子发育而来，长相可能差别很大。
16bar graph
条形图
讲解图表作文核心词，Task 1 中用于描述分类数据比较，注意与 line graph、pie chart 区分
搭配a bar graph shows/indicates | as the bar graph illustrates
近义bar chart | column chart
The bar graph clearly shows that sales rose sharply between June and September last year.
该条形图清楚显示，去年六月至九月间销售额急剧上升。
17specific function
特定功能
讲解科技与生物类高频搭配，强调功能的具体性，常用于解释器官或结构的作用
搭配serve a specific function | perform a specific function | specific function of
近义particular role | distinct purpose
反义general function
Each part of the brain appears to serve a specific function rather than working in isolation.
大脑的每一部分似乎都承担特定功能，而非孤立运作。
18rigorous scientific study
严谨的科学研究
讲解学术写作高频短语，强调研究方法的严密性，可用于论证可信度与证据强度
搭配conduct rigorous scientific study | based on rigorous scientific study
近义strict scientific research | rigorous academic inquiry
反义sloppy research | unreliable study
派生rigorously (adv.) | rigour (n.)
Only through rigorous scientific study can researchers confirm whether the new drug is truly safe.
只有通过严谨的科学研究，研究人员才能确认这种新药是否真正安全。
19finish off
完成
讲解表示把最后一部分做完，强调收尾；也可指吃完、用完某物，如 finish off the cake。
搭配finish off a task / finish off the leftovers / finish off the job
近义complete / wrap up / round off
反义start / begin
派生finishing touches（收尾工作）
She stayed late at the office to finish off the report before the deadline.
她留在办公室加班到很晚，赶在截止日期前完成报告。
20open-air market
露天市场
讲解指在户外搭建摊位出售商品的集市，常与 wander through、browse 等搭配，多用于描述旅行或城市生活场景。
搭配browse an open-air market / a bustling open-air market / set up stalls
近义street market / flea market / farmers' market
反义indoor mall / shopping centre
派生open-air（户外的）
We spent the morning wandering through the open-air market buying fresh fruit and spices.
我们花了一上午逛露天市场，买新鲜水果和香料。
21make allowance(s) for
考虑到；体谅；为…留余地
讲解表示因特殊情况而宽容对待或预先考虑到某因素；后接 for，常用于教育、管理、写作论证语境。
搭配make allowances for differences / make allowances for delays / make no allowance for
近义take into account / allow for / make concessions for
反义ignore / disregard
派生allowance（津贴；限额）
Teachers should make allowances for students who need extra time to grasp difficult concepts.
老师应当体谅那些需要更多时间理解难概念的学生。
22business survival
企业生存
讲解指企业在竞争或经济压力下继续经营的能力，常用于经济类雅思写作，与 ensure、threaten 等动词搭配。
搭配ensure business survival / threaten business survival / long-term business survival
近义corporate survival / commercial viability
反义business failure / bankruptcy
派生survive（生存）
Government subsidies are essential to the business survival of small firms in rural areas.
政府补贴对农村地区小企业的生存至关重要。
23metal oxide
金属氧化物
讲解化学术语，指金属与氧反应生成的化合物，如氧化铁、氧化铝；常见于科学类阅读与写作。
搭配metal oxide layer / metal oxide coating / form a metal oxide
近义metallic oxide
派生oxidation（氧化作用）/ oxide（氧化物）
Scientists found that the metal oxide coating effectively protects the alloy from corrosion.
科学家发现这种金属氧化物涂层能有效保护合金免受腐蚀。
24have in common with
与…有共同之处
讲解表示两者或多者共享某特征，常用句式 What do A and B have in common? 或 have much/little in common with。
搭配have much in common with / have little in common with / have nothing in common with
近义share similarities with / bear resemblance to
反义differ from / be distinct from
派生commonality（共同性）
What do these two successful companies have in common with each other?
这两家成功的公司彼此有什么共同之处？
25general public
公众
讲解指社会大众整体，常用 the general public，作主语时谓语可单可复
搭配the general public, inform the public, public opinion
近义the public, ordinary people, the masses
反义experts, specialists
The general public should be better informed about the risks of air pollution.
公众应该更好地了解空气污染的风险。
26cleanup devices
清理设备
讲解cleanup 作定语修饰名词，指用于清理工作的设备，常见于环保话题
搭配cleanup devices, cleanup operation, cleanup crew
近义cleaning equipment, clearing tools
派生clean up（动词短语）
Volunteers used simple cleanup devices to remove oil from the polluted beach.
志愿者们用简单的清理设备清除受污染海滩上的油污。
27hardback suitcase
硬皮手提箱
讲解hardback 此处指硬质外壳，注意与 hardback book（精装书）区分
搭配hardback suitcase, leather suitcase, pack a suitcase
近义hard-shell case, rigid case
反义soft bag
He packed his clothes into a heavy hardback suitcase before the long journey.
长途旅行前，他把衣服装进了一个沉重的硬皮手提箱。
28scientific contribution
科学贡献
讲解常与 make 连用：make a scientific contribution to sth
搭配make a contribution, a major contribution, contribute to
近义scientific achievement, academic input
派生contribute, contributor
Her research on vaccines represents a major scientific contribution to modern medicine.
她在疫苗方面的研究是对现代医学的重大科学贡献。
29be distinct from
与…截然不同
讲解强调明显区别，后接 from；be distinct from 比 be different from 更正式
搭配be distinct from, distinctly different, a distinct feature
近义be different from, differ from
反义be similar to
Online learning is quite distinct from traditional classroom teaching in several ways.
在线学习在几个方面与传统的课堂教学截然不同。
30lend support to
对…提供支持
讲解正式表达，常用于议论文，后接 to + 名词/论点
搭配lend support to, lend weight to, provide support for
近义give support to, back up
反义undermine, weaken
These statistics lend support to the argument that education reduces crime rates.
这些统计数据为教育能降低犯罪率这一论点提供了支持。
31sanitation service
卫生服务
讲解指排污、垃圾处理、清洁供水等公共卫生设施与服务，常用复数 sanitation services。
搭配basic sanitation services, improve sanitation, access to sanitation
近义public health service, hygiene facilities
派生sanitary (adj. 卫生的)
Millions of people in rural areas still lack basic sanitation services such as clean toilets.
农村地区仍有数百万人缺乏清洁厕所等基本卫生服务。
32creep in/into
开始发生
讲解指某事物不知不觉地逐渐出现，多用于问题、错误、疑虑等负面事物。
搭配creep into sth, creep in unnoticed, doubts creep in
近义sneak in, gradually appear
反义disappear, vanish
Errors can easily creep into your writing if you do not proofread carefully.
如果不仔细校对，错误很容易悄悄出现在你的文章中。
33shuttle service
班车
讲解指固定路线往返接送的服务，常与 provide/operate 搭配。
搭配free shuttle service, shuttle bus, run a shuttle service
近义shuttle bus, transfer service
派生shuttle (v. 穿梭往返)
The hotel provides a free shuttle service between the airport and the city centre.
酒店提供机场与市中心之间的免费班车服务。
34master craftsman
技艺大师
讲解指技艺高超的工匠，强调手工技艺的精湛与传承，常用于文化遗产话题。
搭配skilled craftsman, traditional craftsman, a master of one's craft
近义artisan, skilled worker
派生craftsmanship (n. 工艺，手艺)
This ancient temple was built by master craftsmen whose skills were passed down for generations.
这座古庙由技艺大师建造，他们的手艺代代相传。
35potential performance
潜在表现
讲解指尚未完全发挥出来的能力水平，多用于教育、体育、职场语境。
搭配achieve potential, full potential, realize one's potential
近义latent ability, untapped capacity
反义actual performance
Regular training can help athletes reach their full potential performance during competitions.
定期训练能帮助运动员在比赛中发挥出全部潜在表现。
36reserve seats
预订座位
讲解指提前订好座位，比 book 稍正式，常见于交通、餐饮、演出场景。
搭配reserve a seat, reserve in advance, reserve a table
近义book seats, pre-book
反义cancel a reservation
Passengers are advised to reserve seats online in advance during the busy holiday season.
建议乘客在假期高峰期间提前在线预订座位。
37be reluctant to
不愿意
讲解be reluctant to do sth. 表示不太情愿做某事，语气比 refuse 缓和，雅思写作中常用来描述态度或现象。
搭配be reluctant to admit, be reluctant to change, remain reluctant
近义unwilling to, hesitant to, disinclined to
反义willing to, eager to
派生reluctance n. 不情愿
Many students are reluctant to speak English in class for fear of making mistakes.
许多学生因害怕犯错而不愿在课堂上说英语。
38predictable reward
可预测的奖励
讲解predictable reward 指可预见的回报，常用于讨论职业选择、经济激励等话题，与 uncertain outcome 形成对比。
搭配offer a predictable reward, a predictable reward system, seek predictable rewards
近义foreseeable benefit, reliable return
反义unpredictable outcome
派生predictability n. 可预测性
Working for a fixed salary offers a predictable reward that many people find reassuring.
拿固定工资工作能带来可预测的回报，许多人觉得这让人安心。
39photocopying facility
复印设备
讲解photocopying facility 指提供复印服务的设备或场所，facility 在此意为设施，常用复数 facilities 表示各类设施。
搭配provide a photocopying facility, sports facilities, medical facilities
近义copying service, printing equipment
派生facilitate v. 使便利；facility n. 设施
The university library provides a photocopying facility on every floor for students' convenience.
大学图书馆每层都设有复印设备，方便学生使用。
40esoteric ideas
深奥的思想
讲解esoteric 意为只有少数内行才懂的、深奥的，多修饰知识、理论，含稍带贬义或敬畏的语气。
搭配esoteric knowledge, esoteric theory, esoteric language
近义obscure, abstruse, arcane
反义simple, accessible
派生esoterically adv. 深奥地
The professor's lecture on quantum mechanics was full of esoteric ideas that few could follow.
这位教授关于量子力学的讲座充满深奥的思想，几乎没人能听懂。
41dispense with sb./sth.
摒弃，不再使用
讲解dispense with sb./sth. 意为摒弃、省去不再需要的人或事物，正式用语，常见于学术与商务语境。
搭配dispense with formalities, dispense with the need for, dispense with services
近义do away with, get rid of, eliminate
反义retain, keep
派生dispensation n. 免除；分配
Modern technology allows us to dispense with many traditional paper-based procedures.
现代技术使我们得以摒弃许多传统的纸质流程。
42embryonic cell
胚胎细胞
讲解embryonic cell 指胚胎细胞，具有分化成多种细胞的潜能，常用于生物伦理与医学研究话题。
搭配embryonic stem cell, research on embryonic cells, embryonic development
近义stem cell, early-stage cell
派生embryo n. 胚胎；embryonic adj. 胚胎的；萌芽期的
Scientists study embryonic cells because they can develop into almost any type of tissue.
科学家研究胚胎细胞，因为它们几乎能发育成任何类型的组织。
43permanent staff
固定职员；正式员工
讲解指与单位签订长期合同的正式员工，与 temporary/contract staff 相对，多用于职场与人力话题。
搭配permanent position, permanent contract, permanent employee
近义full-time staff, regular employees
反义temporary staff, casual workers
The company offers permanent staff better benefits than temporary workers.
公司为正式员工提供比临时工更好的福利。
44capture imaginations
引人遐思
讲解常用 capture the imagination(s) of sb，指某事物强烈吸引人、令人神往，写作中可替代 attract。
搭配capture the imagination, fire the imagination, spark the imagination
近义fire imaginations, inspire wonder
派生captivating (a. 引人入胜的)
The idea of exploring Mars has captured the imaginations of scientists worldwide.
探索火星的想法激发了全世界科学家的想象。
45cross out
划掉，删去(错误的内容)
讲解表示用线划掉错误或不需要的内容，比 delete 更口语，常用于修改作业、表格等场景。
搭配cross out a mistake, cross out a word, cross sth out
近义strike out, delete
反义write in, add
The teacher asked students to cross out any incorrect answers before submitting.
老师让学生交卷前划掉所有错误答案。
46predominant reason
主要的原因
讲解用于引出最重要的原因，语气正式，适合雅思写作 Task 2 分析因果。
搭配the predominant reason for, the predominant factor, a predominant role
近义the main reason, the primary cause
反义a minor reason, a secondary factor
派生predominantly (ad. 主要地)
The predominant reason for the decline in sales was the economic recession.
销售额下降的主要原因是经济衰退。
47take...for granted
想当然
讲解表示认为某事理所当然而不加珍惜，常用 take sth for granted，被动形式亦常见。
搭配take sth for granted, take sb for granted
近义assume, presume
派生granted (a. 假定的)
Many people take clean drinking water for granted until it becomes scarce.
许多人把干净的饮用水视为理所当然，直到它变得稀缺。
48employee turnover
员工流动率
讲解指一定时期内离职员工占员工总数的比例，是人力资源与商业话题的高频词。
搭配high/low turnover, reduce turnover, staff turnover rate
近义staff attrition, labour turnover
反义staff retention
High employee turnover is costly because companies must constantly recruit and train.
员工流动率高代价高昂，因为公司必须不断招聘和培训。
49polystyrene cup
聚苯乙烯杯
用 可数名词，常与 disposable/plastic 等连用，指一次性泡沫塑料杯，雅思听力地图或实验场景偶见。
搭配a polystyrene cup, disposable polystyrene cups, foam polystyrene
近义plastic cup, foam cup, disposable cup
派生polystyrene（不可数，指材料本身）
The scientist poured the hot liquid into a polystyrene cup to measure the temperature change.
科学家把热液体倒入聚苯乙烯杯中，以测量温度变化。
50social geography
社会地理学
用 学术名词，指研究社会现象与空间关系的学科分支，雅思阅读人文类文章常见。
搭配study social geography, a social geography perspective, urban social geography
近义human geography, cultural geography
派生social geographer（社会地理学家）
Social geography examines how human activities and cultures shape different regions around the world.
社会地理学考察人类活动与文化如何塑造世界不同区域。
51crop yield
作物产量
用 可数名词短语，指单位面积农作物的产量，雅思写作农业与粮食话题高频。
搭配increase/improve crop yield, high crop yields, reduce crop yield
近义agricultural output, harvest yield
反义crop failure, poor harvest
派生yield（动词，出产；名词，产量）
Farmers adopted new irrigation methods, which significantly increased the crop yield that year.
农民采用了新的灌溉方法，当年作物产量大幅提高。
52genetic makeup
基因组成
用 名词短语，指生物体全部基因的构成，雅思阅读生物医学类文章常见。
搭配determine genetic makeup, alter the genetic makeup, unique genetic makeup
近义genetic composition, genome
派生gene（基因）, genetic（基因的）
An individual's genetic makeup influences both physical traits and susceptibility to certain diseases.
一个人的基因组成既影响身体特征，也影响对某些疾病的易感性。
53crucial decision
至关重要的决定
用 crucial 比 important 语气更强，指决定性的、至关重要的，雅思写作常用来强调影响。
搭配make a crucial decision, a crucial decision for sb, a crucial decision about sth
近义vital decision, critical decision, key decision
反义trivial decision, minor decision
Choosing which university to attend was a crucial decision that affected her entire career.
选择上哪所大学是一个影响她整个职业生涯的至关重要的决定。
54field test
实地测试
用 指在真实环境而非实验室中进行的测试，雅思阅读科技与工程类文章常见。
搭配conduct a field test, carry out field tests, field-test a device
近义field trial, on-site test
反义laboratory test, controlled experiment
Before launching the product, the company conducted a field test in several rural areas.
在推出产品之前，公司在几个农村地区进行了实地测试。
55college fraternity group
大学兄弟会
讲解特指美国大学里的男生社交组织，常以希腊字母命名，如 ΣΧ；雅思阅读社会类话题可能涉及。
搭配join a fraternity, fraternity brother, fraternity house
近义sorority (女生联谊会), student society, social club
派生fraternal (adj. 兄弟般的), fraternity member
Joining a college fraternity group helped him build lifelong friendships and social skills.
加入大学兄弟会帮助他建立了终生的友谊和社交技能。
56auditory comprehension
听力理解
讲解指通过耳朵接收并理解信息的能力，雅思听力核心技能之一，常与 listening skills 互换。
搭配improve auditory comprehension, test auditory comprehension, poor auditory comprehension
近义listening comprehension, aural understanding
反义visual comprehension
派生auditory (adj. 听觉的), comprehend (v. 理解)
Regular practice can greatly improve your auditory comprehension when listening to fast English.
经常练习可以大大提高你在听快速英语时的听力理解能力。
57have a word with
与…说话
讲解礼貌地表示想私下简短交谈，比 talk to 更委婉；雅思口语中可用于请求对话。
搭配have a word with sb, have a quick word, have a quiet word
近义speak to, talk to, chat with
派生word (n. 话), wordy (adj. 啰嗦的)
Could I have a word with you after the meeting about the new project?
会议结束后我能和你谈谈新项目吗？
58extreme terrain
极端地形
讲解描述恶劣或险峻的自然地貌，常见于雅思阅读地理、探险类文章。
搭配rugged terrain, mountainous terrain, navigate extreme terrain
近义harsh landscape, rugged ground
派生terrain (n. 地形), territorial (adj. 领土的)
Explorers need special equipment to survive in extreme terrain like deserts and glaciers.
探险者需要特殊装备才能在沙漠和冰川等极端地形中生存。
59trade wind
信风
讲解指赤道附近稳定吹向赤道的风，历史上对航海贸易至关重要，雅思阅读气候类高频词。
搭配trade winds blow, prevailing trade wind, catch the trade wind
近义prevailing wind, easterly wind
派生trade (n. 贸易), windy (adj. 多风的)
Sailors once relied on the trade wind to carry their ships across the Atlantic Ocean.
水手们曾依靠信风将船只带过大西洋。
60multiple mind
多元思维
讲解指从多角度思考的能力，雅思写作教育类话题可用来论证批判性思维的重要性。
搭配develop a multiple mind, cultivate multiple thinking, a multiple-minded approach
近义diverse thinking, multifaceted perspective
反义narrow-mindedness, single-minded view
派生multiple (adj. 多样的), multiplicity (n. 多样性)
Developing a multiple mind allows students to approach problems from various perspectives.
培养多元思维能让学生从不同角度看待问题。