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1make a reservation
预订
讲解表示“预订”，常用于餐厅、酒店、机票等场景；比 book 更正式。
搭配make a reservation for sb./sth.；make a reservation at/in
近义book a table；reserve a room
派生reservation n. 预订；reserved adj. 预订的
We decided to make a reservation at the Italian restaurant before the concert.
我们决定在音乐会前在那家意大利餐厅预订座位。
2habitual behaviour
习惯性行为
讲解指长期重复、自动化的行为，常用于健康、心理、社会类话题。
搭配habitual behaviour pattern；change habitual behaviour
近义routine behaviour；customary conduct
反义occasional behaviour；one-off action
派生habit n. 习惯；habitually adv. 习惯性地
Regular exercise can help people break their habitual behaviour of sitting all day.
规律锻炼能帮助人们打破整天坐着的习惯性行为。
3tease sth. out
探讨，深入研究
讲解表示通过仔细分析把复杂信息“理清、找出”，常用于学术写作。
搭配tease out the meaning；tease out the details
近义figure out；unravel
反义obscure；confuse
派生teasing out（动名词短语）
Researchers tried to tease out the main causes of the decline in bird numbers.
研究人员试图深入探讨鸟类数量下降的主要原因。
4queue up
排队等候
讲解表示“排队等候”，英式英语常用 queue up，美式常说 line up。
搭配queue up for tickets；queue up outside
近义line up；wait in line
反义disperse；scatter
派生queue n. 队列；queuing n. 排队
Hundreds of fans queued up outside the stadium hours before the match started.
比赛开始前几个小时，数百名球迷在体育场外排队等候。
5psychological factor
心理因素
讲解指影响行为或结果的心理层面原因，常用于教育、健康、社会分析。
搭配key psychological factor；major psychological factor
近义mental element；emotional cause
派生psychology n. 心理学；psychologist n. 心理学家
Stress is an important psychological factor that affects students' academic performance.
压力是影响学生学业表现的一个重要心理因素。
6general regulation
一般规定
讲解指适用于广泛范围的通用规则，常与法律、公司、公共管理搭配。
搭配follow a general regulation；under general regulation
近义general rule；standard provision
反义specific rule；exception
派生regulate v. 管理；regulatory adj. 监管的
The company must follow the general regulation on data protection in every member state.
该公司必须遵守每个成员国关于数据保护的一般规定。
7professional service
专业服务
讲解指律师、会计、咨询等需专业资质的服务行业，常用复数 professional services
搭配professional service industry, provide professional services, professional service firm
近义expert service, specialised service
派生professional-service provider
Many companies now rely on professional services such as legal advice and financial consulting.
许多公司现在依赖法律咨询和财务顾问等专业服务。
8consist of
包括
讲解表示「由……组成」，强调部分构成整体，不用被动语态，不说 be consisted of
搭配consist of several parts, consist mainly of, consist entirely of
近义be composed of, be made up of, comprise
反义exclude
A balanced diet should consist of fresh vegetables, whole grains and lean meat.
均衡的饮食应包括新鲜蔬菜、全谷物和瘦肉。
9government handouts
政府拨款
讲解常含贬义，指政府无偿发放的救济金或补贴，写作中多用于讨论福利政策争议
搭配rely on government handouts, receive government handouts, cut government handouts
近义state benefits, welfare payments, subsidies
Critics argue that government handouts may discourage people from seeking paid work.
批评者认为政府救济可能会让人不愿去找有薪工作。
10circuitous route
迂回路线
讲解正式用词，指路线迂回曲折、不直接，也可喻指办事绕弯子、不直截了当
搭配take a circuitous route, a circuitous path, a circuitous explanation
近义indirect, roundabout, winding
反义direct, straight
The taxi took a circuitous route to avoid the traffic jam in the city centre.
出租车绕了一条迂回的路线以避开市中心的交通堵塞。
11rich bounty
丰富的赏金
讲解文学色彩较浓，指大量慷慨的馈赠或收获，常与自然、土地、海洋等搭配
搭配a rich bounty of, the bounty of nature, reap a rich bounty
近义abundant harvest, plentiful yield, rich reward
The fishermen celebrated a rich bounty from the sea after months of poor catches.
在数月捕获不佳之后，渔民们庆祝来自大海的丰厚收获。
12trivial details
琐碎的细节
讲解含轻微贬义，指不重要的小事，常用于对比重要事务与无关紧要的细节
搭配get bogged down in trivial details, focus on trivial details, ignore trivial details
近义minor details, petty matters, insignificant points
反义major issues, key points
Managers should focus on strategy rather than wasting time on trivial details.
管理者应关注战略，而不是把时间浪费在琐碎的细节上。
13be loath to do...
不愿做…
讲解loath 为表语形容词，常用 be loath to do，语气较正式，比 unwilling 更书面
搭配be loath to admit, be loath to change, seem loath to leave
近义unwilling to do, reluctant to do, disinclined to do
反义eager to do, willing to do
派生loathness（罕用）
Many employees are loath to raise concerns about workload with their managers.
许多员工不愿向经理提出关于工作量的担忧。
14nominal charge
象征式的费用
讲解nominal 指名义上的、极少的，常与 charge/fee 搭配，强调费用低而非免费
搭配a nominal charge, a nominal fee, for a nominal sum
近义a token fee, a small charge
反义a hefty fee, an exorbitant charge
The museum asks visitors to pay a nominal charge of one dollar for entry.
博物馆要求游客支付一美元的象征性入场费。
15digital camera
数码相机
讲解digital camera 为可数名词短语，日常与雅思听力购物场景常见
搭配buy a digital camera, a compact digital camera, digital camera lens
近义compact camera, point-and-shoot camera
派生digital photography
She packed a digital camera to record every detail of her graduation trip.
她带了一台数码相机，用来记录毕业旅行的每一个细节。
16political matter
政治问题
讲解political matter 指需政治决策或涉及权力的问题，写作中常与 issue 换用
搭配a political matter, raise a political matter, treat sth as a political matter
近义political issue, political question
反义a private matter, a personal matter
Climate policy is no longer merely a scientific issue but a highly political matter.
气候政策不再仅仅是科学问题，而是一个高度政治化的问题。
17information booth
服务台
讲解information booth 指提供咨询的小亭或柜台，常见于车站、展会、校园
搭配at the information booth, staff the information booth, ask at the information booth
近义information desk, help desk, enquiry desk
If you get lost on campus, ask for help at the information booth near the gate.
如果你在校园里迷路了，可以向大门附近的服务台求助。
18optional module
选修单元
讲解英式大学常用 module 指课程单元，optional module 即选修课，美式多说 elective
搭配choose an optional module, take an optional module, a list of optional modules
近义elective course, optional course
反义compulsory module, core module
派生modular
Students must choose one optional module in addition to their core courses.
学生除核心课程外还必须选择一门选修单元。
19on a global scale
在全球范围内
用 作状语，强调范围之广，常用于雅思写作环境、全球化类话题。
搭配on a large/small scale, on a national scale, on a global level
近义worldwide, globally, across the globe
反义on a local scale, on a small scale
Climate change affects agriculture, water supply and public health on a global scale.
气候变化在全球范围内影响农业、供水和公共健康。
20specific domain
特定领域
用 指某一专门范围，写作中可替代 field 或 area，显得更学术。
搭配in a specific domain, a specific domain of knowledge, outside one's domain
近义particular field, specialized area
反义general field, broad scope
Each expert contributes knowledge from a specific domain to solve the complex problem.
每位专家贡献特定领域的知识来解决这个复杂问题。
21lethal superbugs
超级致命病菌
用 superbug 指耐药菌，lethal 强调致命性，医学健康类写作高频。
搭配antibiotic-resistant superbugs, the spread of superbugs, combat superbugs
近义drug-resistant bacteria, deadly pathogens
派生superbug（超级病菌）
Overuse of antibiotics may breed lethal superbugs that resist almost all known drugs.
抗生素的滥用可能滋生几乎能抵抗所有已知药物的超级致命病菌。
22overhead projector
高射投影仪
用 指老式课堂投影设备，现多被 digital projector 取代，属具体名词。
搭配use an overhead projector, project an image onto the screen
近义digital projector, slide projector
派生project（投影）, projection（投影）
The lecturer placed a transparent sheet on the overhead projector to show the diagram.
讲师把一张透明胶片放在高射投影仪上展示图表。
23viscous state
黏滞状态
用 viscous 形容液体黏稠、流动缓慢，多用于科学、地理类描述。
搭配a viscous liquid, in a viscous state, highly viscous
近义thick, sticky, syrupy
反义thin, watery, fluid
派生viscosity（黏度）, viscously（黏稠地）
As the lava cooled, it gradually changed from a viscous state into solid rock.
随着熔岩冷却，它逐渐从黏滞状态变成坚硬的岩石。
24security entrance
安全入口
用 指设有安检或门禁的入口，描述建筑、场所时常用。
搭配a secure entrance, the main security entrance, pass through security
近义secure access point, guarded entrance
反义open exit, public entrance
Visitors must pass through a security entrance before entering the research laboratory.
访客进入研究实验室前必须通过安全入口。
25favourable outcome
有利结果
讲解favourable 意为“有利的、顺利的”，常用于描述结果、条件、评价；outcome 指最终结果，比 result 更强调结局。
搭配favourable outcome, favourable conditions, favourable impression
近义positive result, beneficial result, good outcome
反义unfavourable outcome, adverse result
派生favourably (adv.), favourability (n.)
Careful planning and timely investment often lead to a favourable outcome for small businesses.
周密的计划和及时的投资往往能为小企业带来有利的结果。
26core offerings
核心产品
讲解core offerings 指企业最主要、最具竞争力的产品或服务，常用于商业与营销语境。
搭配core offerings, expand core offerings, focus on core offerings
近义main products, key services, flagship products
反义peripheral products, secondary offerings
派生core business (n.), offering (n.)
The company decided to focus on its core offerings rather than expand into unrelated markets.
该公司决定专注于其核心产品，而不是扩展到不相关的市场。
27come into play
起作用
讲解come into play 表示“开始起作用、产生影响”，常用于解释某因素在特定情况下变得重要。
搭配factors come into play, come into play when, bring sth into play
近义come into effect, take effect, play a role
反义cease to operate, lose effect
派生in play (phrase), play a part (phrase)
When temperatures drop sharply, several biological mechanisms come into play to protect the body.
当气温骤降时，多种生物机制会开始发挥作用来保护身体。
28science experiment
科学实验
讲解science experiment 指科学实验，常用于教育、研究方法与学术写作语境。
搭配conduct a science experiment, design a science experiment, science experiment results
近义scientific test, laboratory experiment, controlled trial
派生scientific (adj.), experimentally (adv.)
Students designed a simple science experiment to test how plants respond to different light levels.
学生们设计了一个简单的科学实验，以测试植物对不同光照水平的反应。
29endocrine system
内分泌系统
讲解endocrine system 指内分泌系统，由腺体组成，通过激素调节身体功能，是生物与医学高频术语。
搭配endocrine system, endocrine glands, endocrine disorders
近义hormonal system, glandular system
派生endocrine (adj.), endocrinology (n.), endocrinologist (n.)
The endocrine system releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and mood throughout life.
内分泌系统释放激素，终生调节生长、代谢和情绪。
30granular powder
颗粒状粉末
讲解granular 意为“颗粒状的”，powder 指粉末；granular powder 强调粉末由细小颗粒组成，常见于化工、制药与食品语境。
搭配granular powder, fine granular powder, dissolve granular powder
近义grainy powder, particulate powder
反义smooth paste, liquid solution
派生granule (n.), granularity (n.), granulate (v.)
The granular powder dissolved quickly in warm water, forming a clear solution within seconds.
这种颗粒状粉末在温水中迅速溶解，几秒钟内形成澄清溶液。
31spare tire
备用车胎
讲解spare 作形容词表“备用的、多余的”，如 spare key 备用钥匙
搭配spare tire, spare key, spare part
近义extra tire, backup tire
派生sparely（adv. 节俭地）
Before the long road trip, he checked the spare tire in the trunk.
长途自驾前，他检查了后备箱里的备用车胎。
32teem with
充满
讲解teem with 意为“充满、到处都是”，主语多为地点，后接大量事物
搭配teem with life, teem with people, teem with fish
近义be full of, be abundant in, abound with
反义be devoid of, be empty of
The tropical rainforest teems with countless species of insects and birds.
这片热带雨林充满无数种类的昆虫和鸟类。
33probationary period
试用期
讲解probationary 由 probation（试用）派生，常修饰 period、employee
搭配probationary period, probationary employee, on probation
近义trial period, trial run
派生probation（n. 试用期）
New employees must complete a three-month probationary period before signing a permanent contract.
新员工必须完成三个月的试用期才能签订正式合同。
34taste bud
味蕾
讲解taste bud 指舌头上的味蕾，常用复数 taste buds
搭配taste buds, stimulate taste buds, satisfy taste buds
近义palate, sense of taste
派生taste（n./v. 味道；品尝）
Spicy food can stimulate your taste buds and make every meal more enjoyable.
辛辣食物能刺激你的味蕾，让每顿饭更享受。
35particular architecture
特殊建筑
讲解particular 表“特定的、独特的”，此处强调建筑风格与众不同
搭配particular style, particular feature, in particular
近义distinctive architecture, unique architecture
反义ordinary architecture, common architecture
Tourists travel to Kyoto to admire its particular architecture of ancient temples.
游客前往京都欣赏其古寺庙的特殊建筑。
36portable device
便携式设备
讲解portable 意为“便携的”，device 指电子或机械装置
搭配portable device, portable computer, mobile device
近义handheld device, mobile device
反义fixed device, stationary equipment
派生portability（n. 便携性）
Smartphones and tablets are portable devices that people carry everywhere.
智能手机和平板电脑是人们随身携带的便携式设备。
37reinvigorate local culture
复兴当地文化
讲解及物动词短语，宾语多为文化、经济、社区等抽象名词；常用于政策、旅游类雅思写作。
搭配reinvigorate the economy / reinvigorate interest in / help reinvigorate
近义revive local culture / revitalise local traditions / breathe new life into
反义undermine local culture / erode cultural heritage
派生reinvigoration (n.) 复兴，重振
Government funding helped reinvigorate local culture by restoring traditional festivals and supporting village artisans.
政府资金通过恢复传统节日和扶持乡村手艺人，帮助复兴了当地文化。
38soil erosion
土壤侵蚀
讲解不可数名词短语，常与 cause、accelerate、prevent、combat 等动词搭配，是环境类话题高频词。
搭配cause soil erosion / prevent soil erosion / combat soil erosion
近义land degradation / topsoil loss
反义soil conservation / soil formation
派生erode (v.) 侵蚀；erosive (adj.) 侵蚀性的
Intensive farming has accelerated soil erosion, leaving once fertile land barren and unproductive.
集约化农业加速了土壤侵蚀，使曾经肥沃的土地变得贫瘠而无法耕种。
39additional compensation
另外的补偿
讲解可数名词短语，compensation 表“补偿金”时多不可数，表“补偿物”时可数；常与 claim、demand、receive 连用。
搭配claim additional compensation / pay compensation / compensation for damage
近义extra payment / further reimbursement
派生compensate (v.) 补偿；compensatory (adj.) 补偿性的
Residents who lost their homes in the flood demanded additional compensation from the local authority.
在洪水中失去家园的居民要求地方政府给予额外补偿。
40age-defying feat
抗衰老的能力
讲解feat 指需勇气与技巧的“壮举”，常与 perform、achieve、remarkable 搭配；age-defying 为褒义复合形容词。
搭配a remarkable feat / perform a feat / a feat of endurance
近义an impressive achievement / a remarkable accomplishment
派生feat (n.) 功绩，壮举
Climbing Everest at seventy was an age-defying feat that inspired people around the world.
七十岁登顶珠峰是一项抗衰老的壮举，激励了全世界的人。
41be superseded by
被…取代
讲解被动结构，强调旧事物被更新、更优者取代；比 replaced by 更正式，适合学术写作。
搭配be superseded by new technology / gradually superseded / supersede an old method
近义be replaced by / be supplanted by / give way to
反义be retained / survive alongside
派生supersession (n.) 取代
Many traditional crafts have been superseded by mass-produced goods that are far cheaper to make.
许多传统手工艺已被生产成本低得多的大批量商品所取代。
42originate from
起源于
讲解不及物动词短语，后接来源；与 be derived from 同义，但 originate from 更强调起点。
搭配originate from Latin / originate in ancient China / words originating from
近义stem from / derive from / trace back to
派生origin (n.) 起源；original (adj.) 最初的；originality (n.) 独创性
Many English words originate from Latin, which explains the similarities between European languages.
许多英语单词起源于拉丁语，这解释了欧洲语言之间的相似性。
43treadmill syndrome
跑步机综合症
讲解指忙碌却原地踏步的状态，常用于描述职场或生活的无效循环
搭配suffer from treadmill syndrome, break the treadmill syndrome
近义rat race, vicious cycle
派生treadmill (n. 跑步机)
Many office workers suffer from treadmill syndrome, working long hours without any real sense of progress.
许多上班族患有跑步机综合症，长时间工作却没有任何真正的进步感。
44artificial irrigation system
人工灌溉系统
讲解指人工建造的灌溉设施，常用于农业、环境类话题
搭配build/install an artificial irrigation system
近义man-made watering system
反义natural rainfall
派生irrigate (v. 灌溉), irrigation (n. 灌溉)
The government invested heavily in an artificial irrigation system to support farming in dry regions.
政府大力投资人工灌溉系统，以支持干旱地区的农业。
45asynchronous sound effect
异步音效
讲解指声音与画面不同步的音效，多用于电影制作与媒体研究语境
搭配use/employ asynchronous sound effects
近义non-synchronized sound
反义synchronous sound effect
派生asynchronous (adj. 异步的)
The film used asynchronous sound effects to create a sense of unease and disorientation.
这部电影使用异步音效来营造不安和迷失感。
46the advent of sth. …
的到来
讲解用于引出新事物出现的节点，多见于雅思写作开头或论述段
搭配the advent of technology/modern medicine
近义the arrival of, the emergence of
反义the decline of, the disappearance of
The advent of the internet has fundamentally transformed the way people communicate and access information.
互联网的到来从根本上改变了人们交流和获取信息的方式。
47rectangular nylon sail
矩形尼龙风帆
讲解描述帆船部件的具体名词短语，多用于航海或材料类描述
搭配hoist/lower a rectangular nylon sail
近义synthetic sail
The boat's rectangular nylon sail caught the strong wind and carried it swiftly across the bay.
船上矩形的尼龙风帆兜住强风，迅速将它带过海湾。
48pedestrian crossing
人行横道
讲解指专供行人过马路的区域，常见于交通与城市规划话题
搭配at a pedestrian crossing, zebra crossing
近义zebra crossing, crosswalk
派生pedestrian (n. 行人)
Drivers must slow down and give way to pedestrians at every pedestrian crossing.
司机在每个行人横道处都必须减速并礼让行人。
49inexperienced cyclist
没有经验的骑行者
用 法：inexperienced 作定语修饰人，指缺乏实践经验；cyclist 指骑自行车的人。
搭：an inexperienced cyclist, a novice cyclist, a learner cyclist
同：a novice rider, a learner rider
反：an experienced cyclist, a seasoned rider
派：inexperience n. 缺乏经验
An inexperienced cyclist should avoid busy roads until he gains more confidence.
没有经验的骑行者应该避开繁忙的道路，直到他获得更多信心。
50organic material
有机物质
用 法：organic material 指来源于生物的有机物质，常见于环境、农业、生物类话题。
搭：rich in organic material, decompose organic material, organic matter in soil
同：organic matter, biological material
反：inorganic material, synthetic material
The soil here is rich in organic material, which helps crops grow faster.
这里的土壤富含有机物质，这有助于农作物更快生长。
51hospitality industry
酒店业
用 法：hospitality industry 指酒店、餐饮、旅游等接待服务行业，雅思就业与旅游话题高频。
搭：work in the hospitality industry, the hospitality sector, hospitality management
同：the service industry, the tourism sector
派：hospitality n. 殷勤招待；hospitality management 酒店管理
Many graduates hope to find stable jobs in the hospitality industry after university.
许多毕业生希望大学毕业后在酒店业找到稳定的工作。
52be overtaken by
被超越
用 法：be overtaken by 可指被超过、被赶上，也可指被某种情绪或事件压倒。
搭：be overtaken by rivals, be overtaken by events, be overtaken by fear
同：be surpassed by, be outdone by
反：overtake, surpass, outstrip
Small local shops are often overtaken by large chains within just a few years.
小型本地商店往往在短短几年内就被大型连锁店超越。
53burial ground
墓地
用 法：burial ground 指埋葬死者的地方，常用于历史、考古、文化类阅读与写作。
搭：an ancient burial ground, a sacred burial ground, discover a burial ground
同：cemetery, graveyard, burial site
派：bury v. 埋葬；burial n. 埋葬，葬礼
Archaeologists discovered an ancient burial ground beneath the modern city centre.
考古学家在现代市中心地下发现了一处古代墓地。
54various corrections
各种各样的纠正
用 法：various 强调多种多样，corrections 指修改、订正；常用于学术写作与编辑场景。
搭：make corrections, minor corrections, various corrections to a text
同：several amendments, a range of revisions
反：errors, mistakes
派：correct v. 改正；corrective adj. 纠正的
The editor made various corrections to the report before it was finally published.
编辑在报告最终发表前对它做了各种各样的纠正。
55biological implication
生物学意义
讲解biological implication 常用复数 implications，指某事物的生物学意义或潜在影响，学术写作中多见于讨论研究发现的段落。
搭配biological implications of, have implications for, far-reaching implications
近义biological significance, biological consequence
派生imply (v.) 暗示，implication (n.) 含义
Researchers are still debating the biological implication of this newly discovered gene.
研究人员仍在争论这一新发现基因的生物学意义。
56debatable sources
有争议的资源
讲解debatable 意为「有争议的」，修饰 sources 时指来源的可靠性或真实性存疑，学术写作中常用于评价证据质量。
搭配debatable sources of information, highly debatable, a debatable point
近义questionable sources, controversial sources
反义reliable sources, credible sources
派生debate (v./n.) 辩论，debatable (adj.) 有争议的
Some historians rely on debatable sources, so their conclusions should be treated with caution.
一些历史学家依赖有争议的资源，因此他们的结论应谨慎对待。
57flawed beauty
残缺美
讲解flawed beauty 指因瑕疵、破损或衰老而呈现的独特美感，常见于艺术评论和文学描写，雅思口语描述艺术品时可使用。
搭配the flawed beauty of, capture flawed beauty, a sense of flawed beauty
近义imperfect beauty, beauty in imperfection
反义perfect beauty, flawless elegance
派生flaw (n.) 瑕疵，flawed (adj.) 有缺陷的
The photographer captured the flawed beauty of the abandoned building in his latest series.
这位摄影师在最新系列作品中捕捉到了这座废弃建筑的残缺美。
58buffet lunch
自助午餐
讲解buffet lunch 指自助午餐，buffet 源自法语，指摆放食物的长桌；雅思听力中常出现在活动安排或酒店服务场景。
搭配buffet lunch and dinner, a light buffet lunch, enjoy a buffet lunch
近义self-service lunch, all-you-can-eat lunch
派生buffet (n.) 自助餐；自助餐台
The conference fee includes a buffet lunch and unlimited access to all seminar rooms.
会议费用包括自助午餐以及所有研讨室的无限次使用。
59scientific reasoning
科学分析
讲解scientific reasoning 指基于证据和逻辑进行推断的科学分析能力，教育类雅思写作中常作为核心技能讨论。
搭配develop scientific reasoning, scientific reasoning skills, apply scientific reasoning
近义logical analysis, scientific thinking
反义emotional reasoning, irrational thinking
派生reason (v./n.) 推理，reasoning (n.) 推理能力
Developing strong scientific reasoning skills is essential for students pursuing careers in research.
培养扎实的科学分析能力对从事研究工作的学生至关重要。
60plumb line
铅垂线
讲解plumb line 指用重物悬挂形成的垂直参考线，用于建筑和测量；plumb 本身有「垂直的」之意。
搭配use a plumb line, hang a plumb line, check with a plumb line
近义vertical line, plumb bob line
派生plumb (adj.) 垂直的，plumber (n.) 水管工
Builders use a plumb line to ensure that the walls are perfectly vertical.
建筑工人使用铅垂线来确保墙壁完全垂直。