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1subtle atrophy
轻微萎缩
讲解subtle 强调变化细微、不易察觉，atrophy 多用于医学或经济衰退语境
搭配subtle atrophy of muscles/brain tissue; show subtle atrophy
近义slight wasting; mild degeneration
反义marked growth; significant enlargement
派生atrophic (adj.) 萎缩的
Doctors detected subtle atrophy in the patient's brain tissue years before any symptoms appeared.
医生在症状出现前数年就检测到患者脑组织有轻微萎缩。
2adult fare
成人票
fare 指交通或入场费用，adult fare 与 child fare、student fare 相对
搭配pay an adult fare; full adult fare; concession fare
近义full-price ticket; standard fare
反义child fare; reduced fare
派生fare (v.) 进展，过活
Children under twelve pay half price, while everyone else must buy an adult fare.
十二岁以下儿童半价，其余人都须购买成人票。
3hard currency
硬通货
hard currency 指币值稳定、可自由兑换的货币，如美元、欧元
搭配hold hard currency; demand hard currency; hard-currency reserves
近义strong currency; convertible currency
反义soft currency; weak currency
派生hard-currency (adj.) 硬通货的
During the crisis, investors rushed to convert their savings into hard currency.
危机期间，投资者纷纷把储蓄兑换成硬通货。
4humanitarian sentiments
人道主义情怀
sentiment 指情感、情绪，常用复数表示某种集体态度
搭配appeal to humanitarian sentiments; express humanitarian sentiments
近义compassionate feelings; humane concern
反义indifference; cruelty
派生sentimental (adj.) 感伤的
The charity appealed to humanitarian sentiments rather than political loyalty when raising funds.
该慈善机构筹款时诉诸人道主义情怀，而非政治忠诚。
5training supervisor
培训主管
supervisor 指监督、管理人员，常与 training、production 等词搭配
搭配training supervisor; report to the supervisor; shift supervisor
近义training manager; team leader
派生supervise (v.) 监督; supervision (n.) 监督
The training supervisor designed a six-week programme to help new staff adapt quickly.
培训主管设计了一个为期六周的方案，帮助新员工快速适应。
6free digitalised books
免费数字化书籍
digitalised 为英式拼写，美式为 digitalized，指已转为数字格式的
搭配free digitalised books; digitalised archives; digitalised version
近义electronic books; e-books
反义printed books; paper copies
派生digitalise (v.) 数字化; digitalisation (n.) 数字化
The university offers free digitalised books so that students in remote areas can study online.
该大学提供免费数字化书籍，让偏远地区的学生也能在线学习。
7aerial photograph
航拍照片
用法 名词短语，常与 take/show/reveal 搭配，多用于地理、考古、城市规划类阅读与写作。
搭配aerial view, aerial photography, take an aerial photograph
近义aerial shot, bird's-eye view photo
派生aerial photography 航空摄影
The aerial photograph clearly shows how the river has changed its course over time.
这张航拍照片清楚地显示了这条河随时间改道的情况。
8software consultant
软件咨询师
用法 可数名词短语，指为企业提供软件方案的专业人士，常用于职场、商务类话题。
搭配hire a software consultant, work as a software consultant
近义IT consultant, software advisor
派生consultancy 咨询公司；consulting 咨询的
The company hired a software consultant to improve its outdated management system.
公司聘请了一位软件咨询师来改进其过时的管理系统。
9nerve cell
神经细胞
用法 可数名词短语，生物医学类高频词，常与 transmit/send/damage 等动词连用。
搭配nerve cell damage, transmit signals, brain nerve cells
近义neuron, nerve fibre
派生nervous 神经的；neuroscience 神经科学
Each nerve cell can transmit electrical signals to other cells in the body.
每个神经细胞都能向体内其他细胞传递电信号。
10global warming
全球变暖
用法 不可数名词短语，环境类写作核心话题，常与 cause/tackle/combat 连用。
搭配combat global warming, the effects of global warming
近义climate change, the greenhouse effect
反义global cooling 全球变冷
派生global warming-related 与全球变暖相关的
Scientists warn that global warming could raise sea levels and flood coastal cities.
科学家警告说，全球变暖可能抬高海平面并淹没沿海城市。
11marching band
仪仗队
用法 可数名词短语，多指行进中演奏的乐队，常见于节庆、校园、军事场景。
搭配join a marching band, lead the marching band
近义brass band, parade band
派生march 行进；band 乐队
The marching band performed at the opening ceremony in front of thousands of spectators.
仪仗队在开幕式上为数千名观众表演。
12historical framework
历史构架
用法 可数名词短语，学术写作常用，指理解历史的结构或体系。
搭配establish a historical framework, within a historical framework
近义historical context, historical perspective
派生framework 框架；frame 构建
Historians need a clear historical framework to interpret events across different periods.
历史学家需要一个清晰的历史构架来解释不同时期的事件。
13gross pay
工资总额
讲解gross pay 指税前未扣任何费用的工资总额，与 net pay（实发工资）相对，常见于薪酬、财务类阅读。
搭配gross pay, net pay, annual gross pay, gross income
近义total pay, gross earnings, gross income
反义net pay, take-home pay
After tax and pension deductions, her gross pay is considerably higher than her take-home salary.
扣除税款和养老金后，她的工资总额远高于实发工资。
14pathogenic bacteria
致病细菌
讲解pathogenic 意为“致病的”，常与 bacteria、organism、virus 搭配，多出现在医学、公共卫生类文章。
搭配pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic organism, pathogenic virus
近义harmful bacteria, disease-causing bacteria
反义harmless bacteria, beneficial bacteria
派生pathogen（病原体）, pathogenesis（发病机制）
Scientists found that pathogenic bacteria in the water supply could cause serious intestinal diseases.
科学家发现供水中的致病细菌可能引发严重的肠道疾病。
15clerical assistant
文书助理
讲解clerical 指“文书的、行政事务的”，clerical assistant 负责文件整理、录入等日常事务性工作。
搭配clerical assistant, clerical work, clerical duties, clerical staff
近义administrative assistant, office clerk
派生clerk（职员）, clerical（文书的）
She worked as a clerical assistant for two years before being promoted to office manager.
她做了两年文书助理，之后被提升为办公室经理。
16semi-automatic process
半自动过程
讲解semi- 表示“半、部分”，semi-automatic 即部分自动、部分人工，常用于工业与技术类描述。
搭配semi-automatic process, semi-automatic machine, semi-automatic system
近义partly automated process
反义fully automatic process, manual process
派生semi-automatic（半自动的）, automation（自动化）
The factory adopted a semi-automatic process that still requires workers to inspect each item.
这家工厂采用了半自动流程，仍需工人检查每一件产品。
17average income
平均收入
讲解average income 指某一群体的平均收入，常用于经济、社会类写作，可与 median income（中位收入）对比。
搭配average income, household income, per capita income
近义mean income, typical earnings
反义individual income（个体收入）
派生average（平均的）, income（收入）
The report shows that average income in rural areas remains far below the national figure.
报告显示，农村地区的平均收入仍远低于全国水平。
18supply chain
供应链
讲解supply chain 指从原料到成品再到消费者的整个供应网络，是商业、物流及全球化话题的高频词。
搭配supply chain, supply chain management, global supply chain, break the supply chain
近义logistics network, distribution chain
派生supply chain management（供应链管理）
A disruption in the global supply chain caused severe delays in delivering goods to retailers.
全球供应链的中断导致货物交付给零售商严重延误。
19extreme weather
极端天气
讲解不可数名词短语，泛指各类极端天气现象，常作主语或宾语，雅思环境类话题高频。
搭配extreme weather events, extreme weather conditions, cope with extreme weather
近义severe weather, harsh weather conditions
反义mild weather, moderate climate
派生extreme weather event（极端天气事件）
Extreme weather such as heatwaves and floods has become more frequent in many parts of the world.
热浪和洪水等极端天气在世界许多地方变得更加频繁。
20make a provisional booking
临时预订
讲解provisional 意为“临时的、暂定的”，强调可更改，多用于订票、订房等场景。
搭配make a provisional booking, provisional arrangement, provisional date
近义make a tentative reservation, book temporarily
反义make a firm booking, confirm a booking
派生provisionally（adv. 暂时地）
We decided to make a provisional booking for the hotel before confirming our travel dates.
我们决定在确认旅行日期之前先临时预订酒店。
21physical weaklings
体质孱弱的人
讲解略带贬义，指体格虚弱的人，正式语境中宜慎用，可用 people with poor health 替代。
搭配physical weakling, a weakling in body
近义the physically frail, people of weak constitution
反义the physically fit, strong individuals
派生weakling（n. 体弱的人；懦弱的人）
Some critics argue that physical weaklings should not be forced to join military training.
一些批评者认为，体质孱弱的人不应被强迫参加军事训练。
22background information
背景资料
讲解不可数名词短语，指为理解某事所需的背景知识或资料，学术写作常用。
搭配gather background information, provide background information, background information on
近义contextual information, relevant background
派生background（n. 背景）
Before writing the report, you should gather sufficient background information on the topic.
在撰写报告之前，你应该收集关于该主题的充分背景资料。
23address poverty
解决贫困问题
讲解address 此处意为“着手解决、应对”，比 solve 更正式，常与问题类名词搭配。
搭配address poverty, address the issue, address a problem
近义tackle poverty, combat poverty, alleviate poverty
反义ignore poverty, neglect the poor
派生poverty alleviation（扶贫）
The government has launched several programmes to address poverty in rural areas.
政府已启动多项计划来解决农村地区的贫困问题。
24household detergent
家用清洁剂
讲解household 作定语修饰名词，表示“家用的”；detergent 指清洁剂，可数或不可数。
搭配household detergent, laundry detergent, a bottle of detergent
近义domestic cleaning product, household cleaner
派生detergent（n. 清洁剂）
Many households now prefer eco-friendly household detergent to reduce water pollution.
许多家庭现在更青睐环保型家用清洁剂，以减少水污染。
25cultural transmission
文化传播
讲解不可数名词短语，常与 language、traditions 等搭配，用于文化类雅思写作
搭配cultural transmission of knowledge, ensure cultural transmission
近义cultural diffusion, cultural spread
派生transmit culture
Language is the main vehicle for cultural transmission between generations.
语言是代际之间文化传播的主要载体。
26slop over
越界；溢出
讲解多指液体溢出容器或漫过边界，也可喻指行为越界，语气偏口语
搭配slop over the edge, slop over into
近义spill over, overflow
反义hold back
The river began to slop over its banks after three days of heavy rain.
大雨三天后，河水开始漫过堤岸。
27detrimental effect
不良影响
讲解have a detrimental effect on 为固定搭配，effect 前常加形容词，写作中可替换 bad influence
搭配have a detrimental effect on, a detrimental effect of
近义harmful impact, negative influence
反义beneficial effect
Excessive screen time has a detrimental effect on children's eyesight.
过多的屏幕时间对儿童视力有不良影响。
28odourless chemicals
无味的化学成分
讲解odourless 由 odour 加否定后缀 -less 构成，化学与环保话题中常用来描述污染物
搭配odourless gas, odourless and colourless
近义scentless, unscented
反义fragrant, smelly
派生odour, odorous
Odourless chemicals in the water can still pose a serious health risk.
水中无味的化学物质仍可能构成严重的健康风险。
29outward trip
外出旅行
讲解指从出发地前往目的地的行程，与 return trip 相对，多用于旅游类话题
搭配on the outward trip, the outward journey
近义outbound journey, outbound trip
反义return trip
We packed light for the outward trip and bought souvenirs on the way back.
我们外出旅行时轻装上路，返程时买了纪念品。
30core values
核心价值观
讲解常用复数，指个人或社会最根本的信念，写作中可用来引出文化类论点
搭配core values of society, uphold core values
近义fundamental values, central principles
Honesty and respect for others are core values in most societies.
诚实和尊重他人是大多数社会的核心价值观。
31prone to
倾向于
讲解后接名词或动名词，表示“易于遭受/倾向于”，多指不好的事
搭配be prone to error / be prone to illness / be prone to doing sth
近义liable to / inclined to / apt to
反义immune to / resistant to
Children who skip breakfast are more prone to concentration problems during morning lessons.
不吃早餐的孩子在上午的课堂上更容易出现注意力问题。
32brain circuits
脑回路
讲解可数名词短语，常与 reshape、stimulate、develop 等动词连用
搭配develop brain circuits / stimulate brain circuits / reshape brain circuits
近义neural pathways / neural networks
派生circuitous（迂回的）
Scientists found that learning a language can reshape the brain circuits of older adults.
科学家发现，学习语言可以重塑老年人的脑回路。
33research station
研究站
讲解可数名词短语，指设在偏远或极端环境中的科研基地
搭配set up a research station / a remote research station / polar research station
近义field station / scientific base
派生researcher / research
The research station on the Antarctic ice sheet collects climate data all year round.
南极冰盖上的研究站全年收集气候数据。
34symbiotic relationship
共生关系
讲解可数名词短语，常与 form、develop、maintain 等动词搭配
搭配form a symbiotic relationship / a symbiotic relationship with
近义mutually beneficial relationship / interdependence
反义parasitic relationship / competitive relationship
Corals and algae form a symbiotic relationship that benefits both partners.
珊瑚和藻类形成一种使双方都受益的共生关系。
35classical music
古典音乐
讲解不可数名词短语，作主语时谓语用单数；泛指时不加冠词
搭配listen to classical music / a classical music concert / classical music lover
近义Western art music
反义pop music / rock music
Listening to classical music before an exam may help students stay calm and focused.
考试前听古典音乐可能有助于学生保持平静和专注。
36chief assistant
首席助理
讲解可数名词短语，常与 as 连用表示职位；chief 在此意为“首要的”
搭配chief assistant to sb / appoint sb as chief assistant
近义principal aide / senior aide
派生chief（主要的；首领）
She worked as chief assistant to the director before taking charge of the department.
在接管这个部门之前，她担任主任的首席助理。
37barren terrain
贫瘠地带
用 作名词短语，常与 survive in / adapt to 等搭配，描述缺乏植被、养分的地貌。
搭配barren terrain, harsh terrain, rugged terrain, mountainous terrain
近义infertile land, desolate landscape
反义fertile soil, lush vegetation
派生barrenness (n.) 贫瘠
Few plants can survive in such barren terrain, where the soil lacks essential nutrients.
在这样贫瘠的地带，土壤缺乏必要的养分，很少有植物能够存活。
38urban setting
城市环境
用 指城市生活或工作环境，常与 in an urban setting 搭配，与 rural setting 对比。
搭配urban setting, rural setting, social setting, natural setting
近义city environment, metropolitan area
反义rural setting, countryside
派生urbanize (v.) 城市化
Children raised in an urban setting tend to have easier access to libraries and museums.
在城市环境中长大的孩子往往更容易接触到图书馆和博物馆。
39psychological test
心理测试
用 指评估性格、能力或心理状态的标准测试，常见于招聘、研究语境。
搭配take a psychological test, administer a psychological test, standard psychological test
近义personality test, psychometric test
派生psychological (adj.) 心理的, psychologist (n.) 心理学家
The company uses a psychological test to assess whether candidates are suited to high-pressure jobs.
该公司使用心理测试来评估应聘者是否适合高压工作。
40ozone depletion
臭氧层耗损
用 指大气中臭氧层变薄的现象，常与 cause, reduce, halt 等动词搭配，属环境类高频话题。
搭配cause ozone depletion, halt ozone depletion, ozone layer depletion
近义ozone layer damage, stratospheric ozone loss
反义ozone recovery, ozone protection
派生deplete (v.) 耗尽, depletion (n.) 耗损
International agreements aim to reduce the chemicals responsible for ozone depletion.
国际协议旨在减少导致臭氧层耗损的化学物质。
41mineral water
矿泉水
用 指天然含矿物质的水，可作不可数名词，也可说 a bottle of mineral water。
搭配bottled mineral water, still mineral water, sparkling mineral water
近义bottled water, spring water
反义tap water, distilled water
In many restaurants, customers are charged extra for a bottle of mineral water.
在许多餐厅，顾客点一瓶矿泉水需要额外付费。
42emphasis on
强调
用 place/lay/put emphasis on sth 表示重视某事，写作中常用于表达优先事项。
搭配place emphasis on, lay emphasis on, put emphasis on, strong emphasis on
近义stress, highlight, focus on
反义neglect, disregard, play down
派生emphasize (v.) 强调, emphatic (adj.) 强调的
Modern education places greater emphasis on critical thinking than on memorizing facts.
现代教育更强调批判性思维，而非死记硬背事实。
43ocean current
洋流
讲解可数名词短语，指大规模海水定向流动；雅思阅读常考气候变化话题
搭配ocean current patterns; warm/cold ocean current; ocean current circulation
近义sea current; marine current
派生oceanic (海洋的)
Scientists warn that rising temperatures could disrupt the ocean current that regulates Europe's climate.
科学家警告，气温上升可能会扰乱调节欧洲气候的洋流。
44evolutionary biologist
进化生物学家
讲解指研究生物进化机制的科学家；雅思听力/阅读学术场景常见职业名词
搭配leading evolutionary biologist; evolutionary biologist at...
近义evolutionary scientist
派生evolutionary biology (进化生物学)
An evolutionary biologist explained how natural selection shapes animal behaviour over generations.
一位进化生物学家解释了自然选择如何在数代间塑造动物行为。
45flavour enhancer
增味剂
讲解食品添加剂类名词，雅思写作健康/食品话题可用；英式拼写 flavour
搭配artificial flavour enhancer; natural flavour enhancer; add flavour enhancers
近义flavour additive; taste enhancer
派生flavour-enhancing (增味的)
Some studies suggest that certain flavour enhancers may cause headaches in sensitive individuals.
一些研究表明，某些增味剂可能会让敏感人群头痛。
46driving licence
驾驶执照
讲解英式拼写为 licence（名词），美式为 license；雅思写作交通话题常见
搭配valid driving licence; apply for a driving licence; renew a driving licence
近义driver's licence
派生licensed driver (持照司机)
In many countries you must hold a valid driving licence before you can legally operate a vehicle.
在许多国家，你必须持有有效驾驶执照才能合法驾驶车辆。
47spot on
完全正确
讲解非正式形容词短语，口语中表示"完全正确"；雅思口语可用来赞同对方
搭配be spot on; spot-on analysis; that's spot on
近义exactly right; absolutely correct; bang on
反义way off; completely wrong
Your analysis of the data was spot on—it matched exactly what the researchers had predicted.
你对数据的分析完全正确——与研究者此前的预测完全吻合。
48booked up (
旅馆、饭店等)预订一空的
讲解形容词短语，指旅馆、餐厅等已无空位；雅思听力预订场景高频
搭配be booked up; fully booked up; booked up for weeks
近义fully booked; sold out; no vacancies
反义available; vacant
We tried to book a room for the weekend, but every hotel in town was fully booked up.
我们想订周末的房间，但城里每家酒店都预订一空。
49skin care
皮肤护理
讲解不可数名词短语，泛指护肤这一领域或行为；作定语时常用连字符 skin-care products
搭配skin care products, skin care routine, daily skin care
近义skincare, facial care, complexion care
派生skin-care (定语形式)
Many young people spend a fortune on skin care products that promise instant results.
许多年轻人花大价钱购买承诺立即见效的护肤品。
50water shortage
缺水
讲解可数名词短语，常与 cause/face/tackle 搭配；也可说 water scarcity，语气更正式
搭配face a water shortage, water shortage crisis, alleviate water shortage
近义water scarcity, water deficit, lack of water
反义water surplus, abundant water supply
Scientists warn that water shortage could trigger conflicts in many arid regions.
科学家警告说，缺水可能在许多干旱地区引发冲突。
51peculiar breed
奇特的物种
讲解breed 指动植物的品种，也可引申指某类人；peculiar 强调与众不同，略带怪异意味
搭配a peculiar breed of, a rare breed, a new breed of
近义an unusual species, a strange variety, an odd type
反义a common breed, an ordinary species
The island is home to a peculiar breed of bird found nowhere else on Earth.
这座岛上栖息着一种地球上其他地方都找不到的奇特鸟类。
52striking finding
引人注目的发现
讲解学术写作常用搭配，striking 表示因显著而引人注意；finding 常用复数 findings 指研究结果
搭配a striking finding, a key finding, research findings
近义a remarkable discovery, a notable result, a surprising outcome
反义an unremarkable finding, a trivial result
The study produced a striking finding: even short walks can boost memory.
这项研究得出一个引人注目的发现：即使短时间散步也能增强记忆力。
53nuclear power plant
核电站
讲解能源与环境话题高频词；nuclear 作定语修饰 power plant，注意不用 nuclear power station 时也常见
搭配build/operate a nuclear power plant, nuclear power station, nuclear energy
近义nuclear facility, nuclear power station, atomic plant
派生nuclear (adj.) 核的；nuclear power 核能
The government plans to build a new nuclear power plant to cut carbon emissions.
政府计划新建一座核电站以减少碳排放。
54labour intensive
劳动密集的
讲解形容词短语，常作表语或定语，英式拼写 labour，美式为 labor intensive
搭配labour intensive industry, highly labour intensive, labour intensive methods
近义manpower intensive, worker intensive, hand-labour based
反义capital intensive, automated, mechanised
派生labour-intensive (连字符定语形式)
Agriculture in this region remains highly labour intensive and relies on manual workers.
该地区的农业仍然高度劳动密集，依赖人工劳作。
55leading mountaineer
杰出的登山者
讲解leading 在此指“杰出的、领头的”，修饰人时表示该领域最出色者，非“领导”之意
搭配leading expert / leading figure / leading role
近义top-ranking / foremost / preeminent
派生lead (v.) / leadership (n.)
The leading mountaineer shared his survival tips with young climbers at the base camp.
这位杰出的登山者在基地营与年轻登山者分享了他的生存技巧。
56sustainable development
可持续发展
讲解雅思写作高频话题词，常与 environment、economy 搭配，讨论环保与发展矛盾时必用
搭配sustainable growth / sustainable energy / sustainable tourism
近义eco-friendly development / green development
反义unsustainable exploitation
派生sustainability (n.) / sustain (v.)
Governments should balance economic growth with sustainable development to protect natural resources.
政府应在经济增长与可持续发展之间取得平衡，以保护自然资源。
57inherited instinct
遗传本能
讲解inherited 指“经遗传获得的”，常与 instinct、trait、disease 搭配，多用于学术语境
搭配inherited trait / inherited disease / inherited behaviour
近义innate instinct / inborn instinct
反义learned behaviour / acquired habit
派生inherit (v.) / inheritance (n.) / hereditary (adj.)
Some researchers argue that language acquisition relies on inherited instinct rather than pure imitation.
一些研究者认为语言习得依赖遗传本能而非纯粹模仿。
58desperate attempts
孤注一掷的尝试
讲解desperate 强调“因绝望而不顾一切的”，attempts 用复数表示多次徒劳的努力
搭配make desperate attempts / a desperate attempt to do sth
近义frantic efforts / last-ditch attempts
反义cautious moves / half-hearted tries
派生desperation (n.) / desperately (adv.)
In desperate attempts to escape the flood, villagers climbed onto the rooftops.
在孤注一掷的逃生尝试中，村民们爬上了屋顶。
59drop off
中途卸客
讲解本义“中途卸客/下车”，也可引申为“下降、减少”，如 sales drop off
搭配drop sb off / drop off to sleep
近义let off / set down
反义pick up
派生drop-off (n.) 下车点、下降
The bus will drop off passengers near the museum before heading to the terminal.
公交车将在博物馆附近让乘客下车，然后驶向终点站。
60nationwide power-distribution grids
全国电力分配网
讲解nationwide 作定语表“全国范围的”，power-distribution grids 指电力传输分配网络
搭配national grid / power supply network / electricity distribution
近义national electricity network
派生distribute (v.) / distribution (n.) / nationwide (adv.)
China has invested heavily in nationwide power-distribution grids to supply remote rural areas.
中国在全国电力分配网上投入巨资，为偏远农村地区供电。