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1get into
从事；获准(入学)；被录取
讲解作"获准入学、被录取"时常用 get into + 学校/专业；作"从事"讲可接行业
搭配get into university / get into the habit of / get into trouble
近义be admitted to / enter / take up
反义drop out of / be rejected by
派生get-in（入场）；getting into（进入）
She worked hard to get into a top medical school abroad.
她努力用功，以求被国外一所顶尖医学院录取。
2automotive sector
汽车行业
讲解sector 指经济或产业的某一部门，常与 industry 换用；automotive 意为"汽车的"
搭配the automotive industry / automotive engineering / a key sector
近义car industry / motor industry
派生automotive（形容词，汽车的）
The automotive sector has invested heavily in electric vehicle technology.
汽车行业已在电动汽车技术上投入巨资。
3perceptual decision
感知判断
讲解perceptual 指与感觉、知觉相关；perceptual decision 常用于心理学与神经科学语境
搭配perceptual decision making / visual perception / make a judgment
近义sensory judgment / perceptual judgment
派生perceive（动词）；perception（名词）
Researchers studied how sleep loss affects perceptual decision making.
研究人员研究了睡眠不足如何影响感知判断。
4turn down
否决；拒绝
讲解turn down 表示拒绝请求、提议或人选，语气比 refuse 更口语化
搭配turn down an offer / turn down a request / turn sb down
近义reject / decline / refuse
反义accept / approve / grant
The committee decided to turn down his application for the scholarship.
委员会决定拒绝他的奖学金申请。
5experimental demonstration
实验示范
讲解demonstration 指演示、示范或证明；experimental 强调基于实验而非理论
搭配give a demonstration / a practical demonstration / demonstrate how
近义trial run / hands-on display
派生demonstrate（动词）；demonstrative（形容词）
The team gave an experimental demonstration of the new cooling system.
该团队对新冷却系统做了实验示范。
6theoretical concept
理论概念
讲解theoretical 指理论上的，常与 practical 对照；concept 指抽象概念
搭配a theoretical framework / a key concept / in theory
近义abstract idea / theoretical notion
反义practical concept / empirical finding
派生theory（名词）；theoretically（副词）
The essay explains a theoretical concept that few students fully understand.
这篇文章解释了一个很少有学生完全理解的理论概念。
7eye contact
目光交流
讲解不可数名词，常说 make/hold/avoid eye contact；雅思口语谈肢体语言、面试、演讲时高频。
搭配make eye contact, maintain eye contact, avoid eye contact
近义gaze, visual contact
派生eye contact 本身即固定搭配，无常见派生
Good eye contact during an interview shows confidence and helps build trust with the interviewer.
面试时良好的目光交流能展现自信，并有助于与面试官建立信任。
8management consultant
管理顾问
讲解可数名词；指为企业提供管理建议的专业人士，雅思写作谈职业、就业、公司治理可用。
搭配hire a management consultant, work as a management consultant
近义business adviser, management adviser
派生consultancy, consulting firm
A management consultant advised the firm to cut costs and restructure its overseas operations.
一位管理顾问建议该公司削减成本并重组其海外业务。
9driverless car
无人驾驶汽车
讲解可数名词；雅思写作科技类高频话题，常与 safety、regulation、job loss 一起讨论。
搭配develop driverless cars, a driverless car trial
近义autonomous vehicle, self-driving car
派生driverless technology
Driverless cars could reduce road accidents, but many people still worry about their safety.
无人驾驶汽车可能减少道路事故，但许多人仍担心其安全性。
10air bubble
气泡
讲解可数名词，常用复数 air bubbles；描述物理现象、材料、潜水等场景。
搭配form air bubbles, trapped air bubbles
近义bubble, gas bubble
派生bubbly
Tiny air bubbles rose to the surface as soon as I poured the fizzy drink into the glass.
我把碳酸饮料倒进玻璃杯时，细小的气泡立刻升到表面。
11alight on/upon (
偶然)想到，注意到
讲解较正式书面表达，后接名词或动名词；雅思阅读、写作中可用于表示“偶然发现/想到”。
搭配alight on an idea, alight upon a solution
近义come across, hit on, stumble on
反义overlook, miss
While reading the report, she alighted on a small detail that later proved crucial to the case.
阅读报告时，她偶然注意到一个后来对案件至关重要的细节。
12martial music
军乐
讲解不可数名词；martial 意为“军事的、战争的”，多用于正式或文学语境。
搭配play martial music, the sound of martial music
近义military music
派生martial（军事的）
The parade marched through the square to the sound of martial music.
游行队伍伴随着军乐穿过广场。
13nocturnal trade
夜间贸易
讲解指夜间进行的非法或隐秘交易，多用于走私、野生动物等话题
搭配nocturnal trade in sth; carry on a nocturnal trade
近义night trading; black-market dealings
派生nocturnal（夜间的）
Police patrols have failed to stop the nocturnal trade in endangered species.
警方的巡逻未能阻止濒危物种的夜间贸易。
14out of sight
看不见
讲解表示不在视野内；也可引申为被忽视、被遗忘
搭配out of sight of sb; keep sth out of sight
近义unseen; hidden from view
反义in sight; within view
Once the ship sailed away, the island was completely out of sight.
船一驶离，那座岛就完全看不见了。
15documentary evidence
书面证据
讲解法律与学术语境中指文件形式的证据，区别于口头证词
搭配provide/produce documentary evidence; lack documentary evidence
近义written proof; documentary proof
派生documentary（文件的；纪录片的）
The court required documentary evidence before accepting his claim about the land.
法院要求提供书面证据，才会受理他关于这块土地的主张。
16be critical to
对…至关重要
讲解后接名词或动名词，语气强于 important，常用于论证重要性
搭配be critical to success; be critical to the survival of
近义be vital to; be essential to
反义be irrelevant to
Regular exercise is critical to maintaining both physical and mental health.
规律锻炼对保持身心健康都至关重要。
17detailed portrait
详细的描写
讲解用于文学、评论类写作，指文字上细致入微的刻画
搭配give/provide a detailed portrait of; a detailed portrait of society
近义a vivid depiction; a detailed account
派生portray（描绘）；portrayal（描绘）
The novel offers a detailed portrait of family life in nineteenth-century England.
这部小说细致描绘了十九世纪英格兰的家庭生活。
18common sense
常识
讲解不可数名词，常作主语或宾语；口语写作中用来引出公认的道理
搭配a matter of common sense; use your common sense
近义general knowledge; everyday wisdom
反义nonsense; absurdity
It is common sense that a balanced diet contributes to a longer, healthier life.
均衡饮食有助于更长寿、更健康，这是常识。
19thaw out
解冻
讲解既可指食物解冻，也可喻指人放松、缓和冷淡关系
搭配thaw out food / thaw out frozen meat / thaw out relations
近义defrost / unfreeze / warm up
反义freeze / chill
You should thaw out the frozen meat in the fridge overnight before cooking it.
烹饪前，你应该把冻肉放在冰箱里解冻一整夜。
20cutoff point
分界点
讲解指划定界限或终止的临界点，常用于规则、分数、时间等语境
搭配reach the cutoff point / set a cutoff point / cutoff point for
近义threshold / borderline / limit
派生cutoff（名词，截止、切断）
The cutoff point for scholarship applications is the end of this month.
奖学金申请的截止点是本月底。
21wooden artefact
人工木制品
讲解artefact 指人工制作的器物，wooden 强调材质为木质
搭配ancient wooden artefact / wooden artefact remains
近义wooden artifact / wooden object
派生artefact（英式）/ artifact（美式）
Archaeologists uncovered a well-preserved wooden artefact buried beneath the ancient ruins.
考古学家在古老废墟下发现了一件保存完好的木制人工制品。
22negative side effects
不良副作用
讲解side effect 常与 negative、adverse、serious 等形容词搭配
搭配negative side effects of / cause negative side effects / suffer from side effects
近义adverse effects / harmful consequences
反义positive effects / benefits
Long-term use of this drug may cause serious negative side effects on the liver.
长期服用这种药物可能对肝脏造成严重的不良副作用。
23exotic species
外来物种
讲解生态类高频词，常与 introduce、invade、threaten 等动词连用
搭配introduce exotic species / invasive exotic species / exotic species invasion
近义alien species / non-native species
反义native species / indigenous species
Exotic species introduced into new habitats can threaten native wildlife.
被引入新栖息地的外来物种可能威胁本地野生动物。
24electromagnetic wave
电磁波
讲解物理科技类词，常与 emit、transmit、travel 等动词搭配
搭配electromagnetic wave radiation / emit electromagnetic waves
近义EM wave
派生electromagnetic（形容词，电磁的）
Electromagnetic waves travel through space at the speed of light.
电磁波以光速在空间中传播。
25functional magnetic resonance imaging
功能性磁共振成像
讲解学术写作中常缩写为 fMRI，用于描述脑部活动的研究方法
搭配functional magnetic resonance imaging scan; undergo fMRI
近义brain imaging; neuroimaging
派生fMRI (缩写形式)
Scientists used functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe how the brain reacts to music.
科学家使用功能性磁共振成像来观察大脑对音乐的反应。
26atavistic trait
返祖性
讲解学术语境中形容远古遗留、退化重现的特征，常带贬义或中性描述
搭配display an atavistic trait; an atavistic impulse
近义ancestral characteristic; reversion
反义acquired trait; adaptive feature
派生atavism (n.); atavistic (adj.)
Some biologists argue that human aggression reflects an atavistic trait inherited from early ancestors.
一些生物学家认为，人类的攻击性反映了从早期祖先遗传而来的返祖特征。
27get on with (
与某人)和睦相处
讲解口语与写作均常用，强调人际关系融洽；也可接事务，表示进展
搭配get on well with; get on with the job
近义get along with; hit it off with
反义fall out with; clash with
Employees who get on with their colleagues tend to be more productive and satisfied at work.
与同事和睦相处的员工往往工作效率更高、对工作更满意。
28life expectancy
平均寿命
讲解人口类话题高频词，常与 rise, increase, decline 等动词搭配
搭配average life expectancy; rising life expectancy
近义longevity; lifespan
反义mortality rate; death rate
派生life expectancies (复数)
Better healthcare and nutrition have significantly raised life expectancy in many developing countries.
更好的医疗和营养已显著提高了许多发展中国家的平均寿命。
29soil deterioration
土壤退化
讲解环境类写作常用，指土壤质量下降，可与 cause, prevent, combat 连用
搭配cause soil deterioration; combat soil deterioration
近义soil degradation; land degradation
反义soil conservation; soil improvement
Intensive farming has accelerated soil deterioration across large areas of the region.
集约化农业加速了该地区大片区域的土壤退化。
30squeeze out
榨出；挤出
讲解既可指物理挤出液体，也常比喻排挤、淘汰竞争对手
搭配squeeze out of the market; squeeze juice out of
近义drive out; force out; push out
反义bring in; take in
Large supermarkets have gradually squeezed out small local shops in many town centres.
大型超市已逐渐挤走了许多市中心的本地小店。
31come down to (
问题、决定等)归结为
讲解用于引出问题的核心或最终结论，后接名词或从句，语气偏口语但可用于写作
搭配come down to money / come down to a choice / it all comes down to
近义boil down to / amount to / hinge on
派生come down to earth（回到现实）
In the end, the argument comes down to whether parents or schools should pay.
归根结底，争论的焦点在于家长还是学校应该付费。
32alleviate uncertainty
降低不确定性
讲解alleviate 后接痛苦、压力、不确定性等负面事物，属正式书面搭配，适合雅思大作文
搭配alleviate pressure / alleviate poverty / alleviate the burden
近义reduce uncertainty / ease anxiety / lessen doubt
反义heighten uncertainty / aggravate confusion
派生alleviation（n. 缓解）
Clear government guidelines would help alleviate uncertainty among small business owners.
明确的政府指南有助于减轻小企业主的不确定性。
33break off
折断；突然停止，暂停
讲解既可指物体折断，也可指关系、谈判、讲话突然中断，后者更常用于雅思阅读写作
搭配break off relations / break off talks / break off a conversation
近义cut off / terminate / suspend
反义resume / continue / restore
派生break-off（n. 中断）
The two countries broke off diplomatic relations after the border incident.
边境事件发生后，两国断绝了外交关系。
34gaze in wonder
惊奇地凝视
讲解gaze 指长时间因惊讶、欣赏而注视，常与 in wonder / in amazement 搭配，多用于描写场景
搭配gaze at the sky / gaze in amazement / gaze into the distance
近义stare in awe / look on in wonder
派生gaze（n. 凝视）
Tourists stood at the cliff edge and gazed in wonder at the vast valley below.
游客们站在悬崖边，惊奇地凝视着下方广阔的山谷。
35living condition
生活条件
讲解常用复数 living conditions，指住房、卫生、收入等综合条件，是雅思社会类话题高频表达
搭配improve living conditions / poor living conditions / decent living conditions
近义standard of living / quality of life
反义squalid conditions / dire conditions
Improving living conditions in rural areas is essential for reducing urban migration.
改善农村地区的生活条件对于减少人口向城市迁移至关重要。
36tourist information centre
游客咨询中心
讲解英式拼写 centre，美式为 center；雅思听力地图题中常作为地标出现，注意听方位词
搭配visit the tourist information centre / at the tourist information centre
近义visitor centre / information desk
派生tourist information office（同义变体）
If you get lost, ask for a map at the tourist information centre near the station.
如果你迷路了，可以在车站附近的游客咨询中心要一张地图。
37literacy crusade
扫盲运动
讲解指大规模、有组织的扫盲行动，常用于描述政府或公益项目，语气正式。
搭配launch a literacy crusade; a national literacy crusade
近义literacy campaign; anti-illiteracy drive
反义illiteracy
派生literacy (n. 读写能力); literate (adj. 有读写能力的)
The government launched a literacy crusade to help adults in rural areas learn to read.
政府发起了一场扫盲运动，帮助农村地区的成年人学习阅读。
38wilderness tourism
荒野旅游
讲解指前往原始、未开发自然区域的旅游形式，常涉及环保与可持续发展话题。
搭配promote wilderness tourism; the impact of wilderness tourism
近义nature-based tourism; ecotourism
派生wilderness (n. 荒野); tourist (n. 游客)
Wilderness tourism has grown rapidly, attracting travellers eager to explore remote natural landscapes.
荒野旅游迅速发展，吸引了渴望探索偏远自然景观的旅行者。
39surface mail
平邮
讲解指通过陆路或海路运输的普通邮件，与航空邮件相对，速度慢但费用低。
搭配send by surface mail; surface mail delivery
近义ordinary mail; sea mail
反义airmail; express mail
派生surface (n. 表面); mail (n. 邮件)
Documents sent by surface mail usually take several weeks to reach overseas destinations.
通过平邮寄出的文件通常需要几周才能到达海外目的地。
40crop failures
农作物歉收
讲解指因天气、病虫害等导致的农作物大面积减产或绝收，常用复数形式。
搭配cause crop failures; widespread crop failures
近义harvest losses; poor harvests
反义bumper harvests; abundant crops
派生crop (n. 农作物); failure (n. 失败)
Severe drought led to widespread crop failures, forcing many farmers to abandon their land.
严重干旱导致大范围农作物歉收，迫使许多农民放弃土地。
41natural selection
自然选择
讲解生物学核心概念，指适应环境的个体更易存活繁殖，也常引申为优胜劣汰。
搭配by natural selection; the theory of natural selection
近义survival of the fittest; evolutionary selection
派生selection (n. 选择); select (v. 挑选)
Darwin argued that natural selection favours individuals best adapted to their environment.
达尔文认为，自然选择偏爱那些最能适应环境的个体。
42an influential urbanist
一位有影响力的城市规划家
讲解urbanist 指研究城市规划与发展的专家，比 city planner 更强调理论与理念。
搭配a leading urbanist; an influential urbanist
近义city planner; urban designer
派生urbanism (n. 城市主义); urban (adj. 城市的)
Jane Jacobs was an influential urbanist whose ideas reshaped modern city planning.
简·雅各布斯是一位有影响力的城市规划家，她的理念重塑了现代城市规划。
43financial assistance
财政资助；经济援助
讲解不可数名词短语，指政府、机构或慈善组织提供的资金支持，雅思写作中常用于教育、社会福利话题。
搭配provide financial assistance, seek financial assistance, government financial assistance
近义economic aid, monetary support, funding
派生financially assisted
Many students from low-income families rely on financial assistance to cover their tuition fees.
许多来自低收入家庭的学生依靠经济援助来支付学费。
44a handful of
少数，少量
讲解后接可数名词复数，强调数量极少，语气比 a few 更弱；雅思写作中常用于对比或强调稀缺性。
搭配a handful of people, a handful of cases, only a handful of
近义a few, a small number of, a minority of
反义a large number of, a great many
Only a handful of countries have managed to reduce carbon emissions significantly in recent years.
近年来只有少数几个国家成功大幅减少了碳排放。
45extrinsic motivation factor
外在激励因素
讲解心理学与教育类高频表达，与 intrinsic motivation（内在动机）相对；雅思写作讨论工作动力或学习动机时常用。
搭配extrinsic motivation factor, external reward, tangible incentive
近义external incentive, outward reward
反义intrinsic motivation factor
派生extrinsically motivated
Extrinsic motivation factors such as bonuses may boost short-term performance but rarely sustain long-term engagement.
奖金等外在激励因素或许能提升短期表现，却很难维持长期的投入。
46automated variant
自动化变体
讲解科技类话题用语，variant 指同一事物的不同版本或变体，automated 强调由机器自动完成。
搭配automated variant, genetic variant, a new variant of
近义automated version, machine-driven form
派生automation, automate, automated
Scientists are studying an automated variant of the original algorithm that requires far less human input.
科学家正在研究原算法的一种自动化变体，它所需的人工输入要少得多。
47rapid industrialisation
快速的工业化进程
讲解雅思高频话题词，常与 urbanisation 并列讨论；注意英式拼写 industrialisation，美式为 industrialization。
搭配rapid industrialisation, the process of industrialisation, industrialisation and urbanisation
近义swift industrial development, fast-paced industrial growth
派生industrialise, industrialised, industrial
Rapid industrialisation in developing nations has brought economic growth but also severe air pollution.
发展中国家的快速工业化带来了经济增长，但也造成了严重的空气污染。
48insulating property
绝缘的特性
讲解科技与建筑类话题用词，常用复数 insulating properties；property 在此指物质的“特性”而非“财产”。
搭配insulating properties, thermal insulating property, excellent insulating properties
近义insulative quality, heat-resistant characteristic
派生insulate, insulation, insulator
Engineers selected this material because of its excellent insulating properties against both heat and electricity.
工程师选用这种材料，是因为它在隔热和绝缘方面具有优异的特性。
49at the mercy of
在…的控制下；受…的支配
讲解表示完全受某人/某事物支配，含无力反抗的意味，多用于被动处境。
搭配at the mercy of the weather / at the mercy of nature / at the mercy of others
近义in the hands of; subject to; dependent on
反义in control of; independent of
派生merciless (a. 无情的) 由同一词根 mercy 派生
Small farmers are often at the mercy of global market prices they cannot control.
小农户常常受制于他们无法控制的全球市场价格。
50electrical engineering
电气工程
讲解学科名称，指研究电力、电子与电磁系统的工程学科，首字母通常小写。
搭配a degree in electrical engineering / department of electrical engineering / electrical engineering student
近义electronic engineering (偏电子); electric power engineering
派生electrical engineer (电气工程师)
She chose to study electrical engineering because she wanted to design smart grids.
她选择学习电气工程，因为她想设计智能电网。
51attempt to do sth.
尝试/努力做…
讲解attempt 后接不定式，比 try 更正式，常暗示可能失败；attempt 也可作名词。
搭配attempt to do sth. / make an attempt to do sth. / in an attempt to do sth.
近义try to do; endeavour to do; seek to do
反义give up doing; abandon
派生attempt (n. 尝试); attempted (a. 未遂的)
Many governments attempt to reduce carbon emissions by investing in public transport.
许多政府尝试通过投资公共交通来减少碳排放。
52monetary value
币值
讲解指以货币衡量的价值，常见于经济、金融类阅读与写作话题。
搭配the monetary value of sth. / lose its monetary value / place a monetary value on
近义financial value; cash value
反义sentimental value (情感价值)
派生monetary (a. 货币的); monetize (v. 货币化)
Inflation erodes the monetary value of savings kept in a bank account.
通货膨胀会侵蚀存在银行账户里的储蓄的币值。
53disabled driver
伤残驾驶者
讲解disabled 作定语修饰人时较中性礼貌，避免用 the disabled 泛指群体更佳。
搭配disabled driver / disabled access / disabled parking space
近义driver with a disability; handicapped driver (较旧)
派生disability (n. 残疾); disable (v. 使丧失能力)
The new law requires every disabled driver to display a blue parking badge.
新法律要求每位伤残驾驶者出示蓝色停车证。
54in conjunction with
与…一起
讲解正式用语，表示两方或多方共同进行某事，后接名词或动名词。
搭配work in conjunction with / in conjunction with local authorities / used in conjunction with
近义together with; along with; in collaboration with
反义independently of; separately from
The university runs the survey in conjunction with several local hospitals.
这所大学与几家当地医院联合开展这项调查。
55universal appeal
广受喜爱
讲解指跨越文化、年龄、阶层都能打动人的吸引力，写作中常用来解释作品或理念为何流行
搭配universal appeal of, have universal appeal, enjoy universal appeal
近义broad appeal, widespread popularity
派生universally appealing
The novel's universal appeal lies in its honest portrayal of human weakness.
这部小说的普遍吸引力在于它对人性弱点的诚实刻画。
56be unfamiliar to
对…不熟悉
讲解be unfamiliar to sb 表示“对某人来说不熟悉”，主语是事物；be unfamiliar with sth 表示“某人不熟悉某物”，主语是人，注意不要混用
搭配be unfamiliar with the rules, be unfamiliar to most people
近义be unacquainted with, be ignorant of
反义be familiar with, be well versed in
Many international students are unfamiliar with the local academic writing style.
许多国际学生对当地的学术写作风格并不熟悉。
57moral inquiry
道德探究
讲解学术写作中常与 literature, education, philosophy 搭配，强调对是非善恶的系统性思考
搭配encourage moral inquiry, engage in moral inquiry
近义ethical reflection, moral investigation
派生inquire, inquiry-based learning
Literature often invites moral inquiry into what makes a decent society.
文学常常引发对什么构成良善社会的道德探究。
58job application
应聘
讲解可指求职申请这一行为，也可指申请表/材料本身，雅思写作中常与 submit, reject, tailor 等动词搭配
搭配submit a job application, a job application form, tailor one's job application
近义application for employment, job candidacy
She spent a whole weekend polishing her job application for the internship.
她花了整个周末润色实习岗位的求职申请。
59produce fatigue
产生疲劳感
讲解produce 在此表示“引起、导致”，比 cause 更中性，常用于健康、心理、社会类话题
搭配produce fatigue and stress, produce a sense of fatigue
近义induce tiredness, generate exhaustion
反义relieve fatigue, reduce tiredness
派生fatigue-producing, fatigued
Working long hours without breaks can produce fatigue and reduce productivity.
长时间不间断工作会产生疲劳感并降低生产力。
60conservative estimate
保守的估计
讲解用于引出数据时表示“至少这么多”，语气谨慎，适合雅思写作中引用统计信息
搭配a conservative estimate of, according to conservative estimates
近义a cautious estimate, a modest estimate
反义an optimistic estimate, an exaggerated figure
A conservative estimate suggests that millions lack access to clean water.
保守估计显示，数百万人无法获得清洁饮用水。