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1defoliant of fruit trees
果树脱叶剂
讲解指用于使果树叶片脱落的化学制剂，农业语境名词短语，多用于雅思阅读农业类文章
搭配a defoliant of fruit trees, spray a defoliant, chemical defoliant
近义leaf remover, defoliating agent
派生defoliate, defoliation
Farmers sprayed a defoliant of fruit trees to help the harvest proceed more efficiently.
农民们喷洒了一种果树脱叶剂，以帮助收获更高效地进行。
2fall into place
明朗化；理出头绪
讲解表示事情逐渐明朗、理出头绪，常与 begin to / start to 连用，写作中可描述思路清晰
搭配begin to fall into place, slowly fall into place, everything falls into place
近义become clear, make sense, click into place
Once she gathered more evidence, the whole argument began to fall into place.
一旦她收集了更多证据，整个论证就开始变得清晰起来。
3compensate for sth.
弥补；赔偿
讲解compensate for 强调弥补损失或不足，写作中常用于环境、经济类话题
搭配compensate for the loss, compensate for the damage, fully compensate for
近义make up for, offset, make amends for
Governments should compensate for the damage caused by industrial pollution.
政府应当对工业污染造成的损害进行赔偿。
4poverty cycle
贫穷循环怪圈
讲解指贫困代际传递形成的恶性循环，雅思写作社会类话题高频表达
搭配break the poverty cycle, escape the poverty cycle, trap in the poverty cycle
近义cycle of deprivation, poverty trap
派生poverty-stricken, cycle
Breaking the poverty cycle requires long-term investment in education and employment.
打破贫穷循环怪圈需要对教育和就业进行长期投资。
5import quota
进口配额
讲解指对某类商品进口数量的限制，经济贸易类阅读和写作常见术语
搭配impose an import quota, lift an import quota, strict import quota
近义import restriction, trade quota
反义export quota, free trade
The government imposed an import quota to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
政府实施了进口配额以保护国内产业免受外国竞争。
6turn off
使厌烦；使失去兴趣
讲解turn off 作“使厌烦”时是及物动词短语，宾语可为人，口语中常用
搭配turn sb. off, really turn off, turn off the audience
近义put off, discourage, repel
反义attract, appeal to
派生turn-off
The lengthy lecture on statistics really turned off most of the audience.
那场冗长的统计学讲座确实让大多数听众失去了兴趣。
7disruptive effects
破坏性影响
讲解多指新技术、政策或事件对既有秩序造成的负面冲击，雅思写作常搭配 have/pose/cause
搭配disruptive effects on/of, have disruptive effects, pose disruptive effects
近义damaging impact, harmful consequences
反义beneficial effects, positive impact
派生disrupt (v.), disruption (n.), disruptive (adj.)
The disruptive effects of artificial intelligence on traditional industries are still hard to predict.
人工智能对传统产业的破坏性影响仍难以预测。
8additional charges
附加费用
讲解指基本价格之外另收的钱，多用于旅行、账单、服务合同语境，常与 incur/pay 连用
搭配additional charges for, incur additional charges, pay additional charges
近义extra fees, surcharges
反义included costs, base price
派生charge (v./n.), surcharge (n.)
Airlines often charge additional fees for extra luggage, seat selection and in-flight meals.
航空公司通常对额外行李、选座和机上餐食收取附加费用。
9magical trick
魔术
讲解magical trick 指魔术戏法，也可引申为巧妙手段；日常口语更常说 magic trick
搭配perform a magical trick, a clever magical trick
近义magic trick, illusion, sleight of hand
派生magic (n./adj.), magician (n.)
The magician performed a magical trick that left the entire audience completely amazed.
魔术师表演了一个让全场观众惊叹不已的魔术。
10sequential order
先后顺序
讲解强调按时间或逻辑依次排列，学术写作中常与 arrange/list/present 搭配
搭配in sequential order, arrange in sequential order, follow a sequential order
近义chronological order, successive order
反义random order, reverse order
派生sequence (n.), sequentially (adv.), sequential (adj.)
The report lists the events in sequential order, from the earliest to the most recent.
报告按从最早到最近的先后顺序列出事件。
11creative insight
创造性的洞察力
讲解指对问题独到而新颖的理解，学术与职场语境常用，常与 gain/offer/provide 连用
搭配gain creative insight, offer creative insight into, provide creative insight
近义original understanding, fresh perspective
派生insight (n.), insightful (adj.), creatively (adv.)
Years of research gave the scientist a creative insight into how memory actually works.
多年研究让这位科学家对记忆的实际运作方式产生了创造性洞察。
12baggage reclaim
行李提取处
讲解机场术语，指到达后领取托运行李的区域，英式常用，美式多说 baggage claim
搭配at baggage reclaim, baggage reclaim area, wait at baggage reclaim
近义baggage claim, luggage collection
派生baggage (n.), reclaim (v.)
After a long flight, we waited nearly an hour at baggage reclaim for our suitcases.
长途飞行后，我们在行李提取处等了近一个小时才拿到行李箱。
13meet up
约见；会见
讲解口语常用短语动词，指非正式的会面安排，比 meet 更轻松随意
搭配meet up with sb; meet up for coffee; arrange to meet up
近义get together; catch up; get together with
派生meet-up (n.) 聚会
Let's meet up near the library tomorrow to discuss our group presentation.
我们明天在图书馆附近见面讨论小组展示吧。
14unfulfilled expectation
未实现的期望
讲解常用于描述期望与现实落差，多与 feel/have 连用，可作可数名词
搭配unfulfilled expectations; meet expectations; fall short of expectations
近义unmet expectation; disappointed hope
反义fulfilled expectation; realized dream
Many graduates feel frustrated by the unfulfilled expectation of landing a dream job.
许多毕业生因未能实现找到理想工作的期望而感到沮丧。
15ingenious tonal dance
巧妙的调性舞曲
讲解多用于音乐评论语境，tonal 指有调性的，与 atonal（无调性）相对
搭配tonal music; tonal structure; a dance tune
近义clever melodic piece; inventive composition
反义atonal noise; dull arrangement
The composer created an ingenious tonal dance that blended folk rhythms with jazz harmony.
这位作曲家创作了一首巧妙的调性舞曲，将民间节奏与爵士和声融为一体。
16personality trait
性格特点
讲解心理学与雅思写作常用，可数，常与 inherit/develop/possess 搭配
搭配inherit a trait; dominant trait; personality traits
近义characteristic; attribute; quality
派生trait-based (adj.) 基于特质的
Patience is a personality trait that employers value highly in fast-paced workplaces.
耐心是雇主在快节奏工作环境中高度重视的一种性格特点。
17integrated approach
综合方法
讲解写作高分表达，强调多领域协同，常与 adopt/take/develop 连用
搭配adopt an integrated approach; integrated approach to sth; a holistic approach
近义holistic approach; comprehensive method
反义piecemeal approach; fragmented strategy
Governments should adopt an integrated approach combining education, healthcare and employment policy.
政府应采取将教育、医疗和就业政策相结合的综合方法。
18literacy rates
识字率
讲解教育类写作高频，rate 可数，常与 improve/raise/decline 连用
搭配raise literacy rates; adult literacy; literacy rate of
近义reading proficiency; educational attainment
反义illiteracy; low literacy
Improving literacy rates in rural areas remains a key goal for many developing countries.
提高农村地区的识字率仍是许多发展中国家的关键目标。
19teller machine
取款机；柜员机
讲解teller machine 是美式英语中 ATM 的常见说法，英式口语也常说 cash machine。
搭配teller machine card / use a teller machine / at the teller machine
近义ATM / cash machine / cashpoint
派生teller（银行柜员）
I stopped at the teller machine to withdraw some cash before meeting my friends.
我在见朋友之前，在取款机前停下来取了些现金。
20premier show
首演
讲解premier show 指电影、戏剧等的首次公开演出或放映，premier 作形容词意为"首要的、首演的"。
搭配attend a premier show / hold a premier show / the premier show of
近义premiere / first performance / opening night
派生premier（首相；首要的）
The director invited several critics to the premier show of his latest film.
导演邀请了几位影评人观看他最新电影的首演。
21general principle
一般原则
讲解general principle 常用于议论文中引出普遍适用的道理，后常接 that 从句或 as 引导的状语。
搭配as a general principle / apply a general principle / on general principles
近义basic rule / broad principle / general rule
反义exception / special case
As a general principle, employees should be treated with equal respect regardless of rank.
作为一般原则，员工无论职位高低都应受到同等尊重。
22customer services department
客户服务部
讲解customer services department 指企业中负责处理顾客咨询与投诉的部门，英式英语常用复数 services。
搭配contact the customer services department / the customer services department of
近义customer service team / support department
派生customer service（客户服务）
She contacted the customer services department to complain about the delayed delivery.
她联系了客户服务部，投诉送货延迟。
23draw up
草拟；制定
讲解draw up 意为"起草、拟定"，宾语多为合同、计划、名单等，常与 plan、contract、list 搭配。
搭配draw up a contract / draw up a plan / draw up a list
近义draft / formulate / compose
派生draw-up（起草）
The committee will draw up a new set of guidelines before the end of the month.
委员会将在月底前拟定一套新的指导方针。
24sensory stimuli
感官刺激
讲解sensory stimuli 指作用于感官的外部刺激，stimuli 是 stimulus 的复数形式，学术语境中常见。
搭配respond to sensory stimuli / external sensory stimuli / visual sensory stimuli
近义sensory input / sensory cues
派生stimulus（刺激） / stimulate（刺激）
Babies learn about the world by responding to sensory stimuli such as light and sound.
婴儿通过回应光和声音等感官刺激来认识世界。
25particular criteria
特定标准
讲解criteria 是 criterion 的复数，学术写作中常与 meet/satisfy 连用
搭配particular criteria, meet the criteria, set criteria
近义specific standards, certain requirements
反义general standards
Universities often admit students based on particular criteria rather than a single exam score.
大学通常根据特定标准而非单一考试分数来录取学生。
26herbal medicine
草药
讲解不可数名词，作定语时用单数形式 herbal medicine；与 Western medicine 常对比
搭配use herbal medicine, traditional herbal medicine, herbal remedy
近义plant-based remedy, natural medicine
反义conventional medicine
In many rural areas, people still rely on herbal medicine because it is cheap and accessible.
在许多农村地区，人们仍然依赖草药，因为它便宜且容易获得。
27active volcano
活火山
讲解active 指仍可能喷发；与 extinct/dormant volcano 构成三分对比，地理类阅读常见
搭配an active volcano, erupt, dormant volcano
近义erupting volcano
反义extinct volcano, dormant volcano
Thousands of tourists visit the active volcano each year despite the obvious danger.
尽管有明显危险，每年仍有成千上万的游客参观这座活火山。
28meditation-like tranquillity
冥想般宁静
讲解名词短语，tranquillity 不可数；meditation-like 为「名词+like」构成的复合形容词
搭配a sense of tranquillity, inner tranquillity, deep tranquillity
近义serene calm, deep peace
反义restlessness, anxiety
After an hour of yoga, she sank into a meditation-like tranquillity that lasted all day.
练了一小时瑜伽后，她陷入一种持续整天的冥想般宁静。
29real-time data
实时数据
讲解作定语修饰名词，data 在学术英语中常作不可数，谓语可用单数
搭配collect real-time data, real-time monitoring, real-time feedback
近义live data, up-to-the-minute information
反义historical data
The app collects real-time data on traffic and warns drivers before they reach a jam.
该应用收集实时交通数据，在司机遇到拥堵前发出警告。
30synthetic dyes
合成染料
讲解synthetic 意为「合成的、人造的」，与 natural 对立；dye 可数，常用复数
搭配synthetic dyes, chemical dyes, natural dyes
近义artificial colourings, man-made pigments
反义natural dyes
Cheap synthetic dyes have replaced many natural colourings in the textile industry.
廉价的合成染料已在纺织业取代了许多天然色素。
31moral obligation
道义上的责任
讲解表示因道德信念而认为应做的事，常用于论述社会责任、慈善等话题
搭配feel a moral obligation to do sth; a moral obligation to society
近义ethical duty; sense of duty
反义moral indifference
派生morally obliged (adj.)
Many people feel a moral obligation to help those less fortunate than themselves.
许多人觉得有帮助那些不如自己幸运的人的道义责任。
32cultural continuity
文化传承
讲解指文化在代际间的延续，常用于讨论传统保护与全球化的雅思话题
搭配ensure cultural continuity; preserve cultural continuity
近义cultural preservation; cultural heritage
反义cultural loss; cultural erosion
派生culturally continuous (adj.)
Passing traditional crafts to the next generation is essential for cultural continuity.
把传统手工艺传给下一代对文化传承至关重要。
33fertile land/field/soil
肥沃的土地
讲解指富含养分、利于作物生长的土地，可用于农业、粮食安全等话题
搭配fertile soil; fertile land; rich fertile fields
近义productive land; rich soil
反义barren land; infertile soil
派生fertility (n.); fertilise (v.)
The fertile soil along the river valley supports a wide range of crops.
河谷沿岸肥沃的土壤适宜种植多种作物。
34residential housing
住宅建筑
讲解指供人居住的房屋建筑，与商业或工业建筑相对，常用于城市化话题
搭配build residential housing; affordable residential housing
近义housing; dwellings
反义commercial property; industrial buildings
派生residence (n.); resident (n.)
The government plans to build more residential housing to ease the shortage.
政府计划建造更多住宅以缓解住房短缺。
35introduce alien species
引进外来物种
讲解指人为将非本地物种带入新环境，常与生态破坏、生物多样性话题相关
搭配introduce alien species; invasive alien species
近义non-native species; exotic species
反义native species; indigenous species
派生alien (adj.); introduction (n.)
Introducing alien species into a new habitat can disrupt the entire ecosystem.
把外来物种引入新栖息地可能破坏整个生态系统。
36physiological reaction
生理反应
讲解指身体层面（而非心理层面）产生的反应，常与情绪、压力话题搭配
搭配trigger a physiological reaction; a physiological response to stress
近义physical response; bodily reaction
反义psychological reaction; emotional response
派生physiology (n.); physiological (adj.)
Fear triggers a physiological reaction such as a faster heartbeat and sweating.
恐惧会引发心跳加快、出汗等生理反应。
37aerobic exercise
有氧锻炼
讲解指持续、有节奏、供氧充足的锻炼，如跑步、游泳、骑车，与无氧运动相对。
搭配aerobic exercise, do aerobic exercise, aerobic capacity
近义cardio exercise, cardiovascular training
反义anaerobic exercise, strength training
派生aerobics（有氧健身操）
Doctors recommend thirty minutes of aerobic exercise daily to strengthen the heart and lungs.
医生建议每天进行三十分钟有氧锻炼，以增强心肺功能。
38straight line
直线
讲解表示笔直的线路，常与 in a 连用；也可引申为「径直、不绕弯」。
搭配in a straight line, a straight line between, draw a straight line
近义direct line, beeline
反义curve, zigzag
派生straight-line（形容词，直线的）
The hikers walked in a straight line along the narrow ridge to avoid falling.
徒步者沿着狭窄的山脊排成直线行走，以免摔倒。
39digital revolution
数字革命
讲解指计算机与互联网带来的社会技术变革，雅思科技类话题高频表达。
搭配the digital revolution, drive the digital revolution, the digital age
近义information revolution, technological revolution
反义the industrial revolution（历史对比）
派生digitalize, digitalization
The digital revolution has transformed how people work, shop and communicate.
数字革命改变了人们工作、购物和交流的方式。
40a spectrum of groans
一连串呻吟
讲解spectrum 本义「光谱」，此处引申为「一系列、各种程度的」，属生动书面表达。
搭配a spectrum of opinions, a broad spectrum of, the whole spectrum
近义a range of, a series of
派生spectral, spectrum（复数 spectra/spectrums）
When the teacher announced a surprise test, a spectrum of groans rose from the class.
当老师宣布突击测验时，教室里响起一连串的呻吟声。
41tropical beach
热带海滩
讲解旅游类话题常用，tropical 指热带地区，常与 beach, island, rainforest 搭配。
搭配a tropical beach, tropical climate, tropical island
近义exotic beach, palm-fringed shore
反义polar region, arctic coast
派生tropics（热带地区）, tropically
They spent their honeymoon on a tropical beach with white sand and palm trees.
他们在有白沙和棕榈树的热带海滩上度过了蜜月。
42negative emotion
负面情绪
讲解心理类话题高频，常与 manage, express, suppress 等动词搭配。
搭配negative emotion, express negative emotions, suppress negative emotions
近义unpleasant feeling, bad mood
反义positive emotion, good mood
派生emotionally, emotional（形容词）
Writing down your worries can help you release negative emotions instead of hiding them.
把烦恼写下来有助于释放负面情绪，而不是把它们藏起来。
43artificial lighting
人工照明
讲解名词短语，指非自然光源的照明，常用于城市、建筑、室内环境话题。
搭配artificial lighting system, under artificial lighting, install artificial lighting
近义man-made lighting, synthetic light
反义natural lighting, daylight
派生artificially lit
Many city dwellers rely on artificial lighting to work late into the night.
许多城市居民依靠人工照明工作到深夜。
44research technique
研究方法
讲解学术语境常用搭配，指收集与分析资料的具体方法，常与 choose/employ/apply 连用。
搭配employ a research technique, adopt a research technique, quantitative research technique
近义research method, research approach
派生research methodology
Choosing the right research technique is crucial for obtaining reliable data.
选择合适的研究方法对获得可靠数据至关重要。
45monsoon climate
季风气候
讲解地理气候类术语，指受季风影响、干湿季分明的一种气候类型。
搭配monsoon climate zone, typical monsoon climate, affected by monsoon climate
近义monsoon-type climate
派生monsoon season, monsoonal
The monsoon climate brings heavy rainfall to Southeast Asia every summer.
季风气候每年夏天给东南亚带来大量降雨。
46rare species
稀有物种
讲解生态环保话题高频短语，rare 强调数量稀少，常与 protect/preserve 连用。
搭配protect rare species, endangered rare species, a habitat for rare species
近义endangered species, scarce species
反义common species, abundant species
派生rarity
Conservationists are working hard to protect rare species from extinction.
环保人士正努力保护稀有物种免于灭绝。
47radio wave
无线电波
讲解物理科技类名词，指电磁波中波长较长的一种，常用于通信、广播。
搭配emit radio waves, transmit radio waves, radio wave frequency
近义electromagnetic wave
派生radio-wave transmission
Radio waves can travel long distances and are widely used in communication.
无线电波能传播很远，被广泛用于通信。
48new lease of life
重获新生
讲解习语，指某人或某物重新获得活力或用途，常与 give/get 连用。
搭配give sth a new lease of life, get a new lease of life
近义a fresh start, a rebirth
反义decline, decay
The renovation gave the old factory a new lease of life as an art gallery.
这次翻新让旧工厂作为艺术画廊重获新生。
49set against
使…与…对立
讲解常用被动 set A against B，表示把两者对比或对立，多用于议论文。
搭配set one thing against another; be set against a backdrop
近义contrast with; weigh against
反义reconcile with; align with
派生set-off (n.) 抵消
The benefits of urban life are often set against the isolation many city dwellers feel.
城市生活的好处常常被拿来与许多城市居民感到的孤独相对照。
50substantial resources
大量资源
讲解substantial 强调数量大或程度重，比 a lot of 更正式，适合学术写作。
搭配substantial resources; substantial evidence; a substantial amount
近义considerable resources; ample resources
反义meagre resources; limited resources
派生substantially (adv.) 大体上；substantiate (v.) 证实
Universities need substantial resources to maintain cutting-edge research facilities.
大学需要大量资源来维持尖端的研究设施。
51analogical reasoning
类比推理
讲解指通过发现两类事物的相似性来推理，是认知科学与教育类话题高频词。
搭配analogical reasoning; draw an analogy between; by analogy with
近义reasoning by analogy; comparative reasoning
派生analogy (n.) 类比；analogous (adj.) 类似的
Children develop analogical reasoning when they notice that a heart works like a pump.
当孩子注意到心脏像水泵一样工作时，他们就发展出了类比推理能力。
52literacy campaign
扫盲运动
讲解campaign 指有组织的持续性运动，常与 launch/wage 搭配，用于社会议题。
搭配launch a campaign; a nationwide campaign; an awareness campaign
近义education drive; literacy programme
反义illiteracy (n.) 文盲
派生campaigner (n.) 运动参与者
The government launched a nationwide literacy campaign to reduce adult illiteracy.
政府发起了一场全国性的扫盲运动以减少成人文盲。
53episodic memory
情景记忆
讲解与语义记忆相对，指对个人经历事件的记忆，属心理学与认知类话题词汇。
搭配episodic memory; long-term memory; recall an event
近义autobiographical memory; event memory
反义semantic memory 语义记忆
派生episode (n.) 一段经历；episodic (adj.) 片段的
Episodic memory allows us to recall specific events, such as our first day at school.
情景记忆使我们能够回忆起具体事件，比如上学的第一天。
54seek out
挑选出；物色
讲解比 look for 更强调主动、有目的地寻找，常接人或有价值的事物。
搭配seek out talent; seek out opportunities; actively seek out
近义search out; hunt down; single out
反义overlook; ignore
派生seeker (n.) 寻求者
Employers actively seek out candidates who can adapt quickly to new challenges.
雇主会积极物色那些能迅速适应新挑战的应聘者。
55autonomous risk management strategy
自主风险管理策略
讲解autonomous 强调独立自主、不依赖外部指令，常与 strategy/system/decision 搭配，写作中可用于描述个体或组织的主动应对能力。
搭配autonomous risk management strategy, adopt a strategy, develop a strategy
近义independent risk strategy, self-directed risk approach
派生autonomy, autonomous, autonomously
Farmers now adopt an autonomous risk management strategy to cope with unpredictable weather patterns.
农民现在采用自主风险管理策略来应对不可预测的天气模式。
56self-catering residence
能自己做饭的住所
讲解self-catering 指住宿处配有厨房、可自行做饭，常见于旅游和留学场景；residence 比 house 更正式，常指学生宿舍或住所。
搭配self-catering residence, self-catering apartment, student residence
近义self-catering accommodation, self-contained lodging
派生cater, catering, self-catering
Many students choose a self-catering residence to save money on meals during their studies.
许多学生选择能自己做饭的住所，以便在学习期间节省餐费。
57commercial fishing
商业性捕鱼
讲解commercial fishing 指以盈利为目的的大规模捕鱼，常用于环境类阅读和写作，讨论过度捕捞、生态破坏等话题。
搭配commercial fishing industry, commercial fishing fleet, ban commercial fishing
近义industrial fishing, large-scale fishing
反义recreational fishing, subsistence fishing
派生commerce, commercial, commercialize
Commercial fishing has severely reduced the population of many marine species in recent decades.
近几十年来，商业性捕鱼已使许多海洋物种的数量严重减少。
58passenger pigeon
旅鸽
讲解passenger pigeon 是北美曾极常见、后因人类捕杀而灭绝的鸟类，是物种灭绝和人类活动影响的经典例子。
搭配passenger pigeon, become extinct, a flock of passenger pigeons
近义wild pigeon, migratory pigeon
派生passenger, pigeon
The passenger pigeon, once numbered in billions, became extinct in the early twentieth century.
旅鸽曾经数量达数十亿只，却在二十世纪初灭绝了。
59margin of error
误差幅度
讲解margin of error 指统计调查中允许的误差范围，常用于数据、研究和报告类写作，表示结果并非绝对精确。
搭配margin of error, within the margin of error, a large margin of error
近义error margin, degree of uncertainty
派生marginal, margin, erroneous
The survey results show a margin of error of about three percentage points.
调查结果显示误差幅度约为三个百分点。
60credit card
信用卡
讲解credit card 指可先消费后还款的银行卡，常用于消费、金融和个人理财话题；注意与 debit card 借记卡区分。
搭配credit card, pay by credit card, credit card debt
近义charge card, bank card
反义debit card, cash
派生credit, creditor, credible
Paying by credit card is convenient, but it can encourage people to spend beyond their means.
用信用卡支付很方便，但它可能促使人们超支消费。