1 / 136 句0 词已学
1vocation
职业
讲解可指职业，也常指“使命感、天职”，强调内心的召唤
搭配find one's vocation, a sense of vocation, vocational training
近义calling, profession, career
派生vocational (adj. 职业的), vocationally (adv.)
She felt that teaching was not merely a job but a true vocation she had always longed for.
她觉得教书不只是一份工作，而是她一直渴望的真正使命。
2labour exchange
职业介绍所
讲解英式旧称，指政府办的职业介绍所，现多称 jobcentre
搭配go to the labour exchange, register at a labour exchange
近义employment office, jobcentre, job centre
派生labour market, exchange
He registered at the local labour exchange and was offered several factory jobs within a week.
他在当地职业介绍所登记，一周内就得到了几份工厂工作的机会。
3departmental
部门的
讲解形容词，指“部门的、与部门相关的”，常作定语修饰名词，如 departmental meeting（部门会议）。
记忆由 department（部门）加后缀 -al 构成，表示“与……相关的”。
搭配departmental manager, departmental meeting, departmental budget, departmental store
近义sectional, divisional, branch
派生department (n. 部门), departmentalize (v. 按部门划分)
She was promoted to a departmental manager after five years of hard work.
经过五年的努力工作，她被提升为部门经理。
4full employment
全职就业
讲解经济学术语，指所有愿意工作的人都能找到工作的状态，常与 achieve, maintain 等动词搭配。
记忆full（完全的）+ employment（就业），即“完全就业”。
搭配achieve full employment, maintain full employment, full employment economy
近义maximum employment, complete employment
反义unemployment, underemployment
派生full-time employment (n. 全职工作)
The government promised to achieve full employment within the next decade.
政府承诺在未来十年内实现充分就业。
5piecework
计件工作
讲解不可数名词，指按完成的产品数量付酬的工作方式，与 timework 相对。
记忆piece（件）+ work（工作），即“按件计酬的工作”。
搭配do piecework, piecework rate, piecework system
近义payment by results, output-based pay
反义timework
派生pieceworker (n. 计件工人)
Many factory workers prefer piecework because they can earn more by working faster.
许多工厂工人更喜欢计件工作，因为他们可以通过加快速度赚更多钱。
6timework
计时工作
讲解不可数名词，指按工作时间付酬的工作方式，与 piecework 相对。
记忆time（时间）+ work（工作），即“按时间计酬的工作”。
搭配timework system, timework rate, do timework
近义hourly work, time-based pay
反义piecework
派生timeworker (n. 计时工人)
Under timework, employees are paid a fixed hourly rate regardless of output.
在计时工作制下，员工按固定时薪获得报酬，与产出无关。
7assembly line work
组装线工作
讲解名词短语，指在流水线上进行的重复性组装工作，常与 repetitive, monotonous 等词连用。
记忆assembly（组装）+ line（线）+ work（工作），即“组装线上的工作”。
搭配assembly line worker, assembly line production, work on an assembly line
近义production line work, conveyor belt work
派生assembly line (n. 组装线)
Working on an assembly line can be repetitive and physically demanding.
在组装线上工作可能既重复又耗费体力。
8occupation
职务
讲解可数名词，指职业、工作，比 job 更正式，常用于正式写作或统计语境。
记忆联想 occupy（占据），职业占据了一个人的时间和精力。
搭配by occupation, occupational hazard, choose an occupation
近义profession, vocation, career
派生occupational (adj. 职业的), occupy (v. 占据)
Nursing is a demanding occupation that requires both skill and compassion.
护理是一项要求很高的职业，既需要技能也需要同情心。
9vacancy
空缺
讲解指职位空缺，常与 for 连用表示某职位的空缺；也可指酒店空房。
搭配fill a vacancy; a job vacancy; advertise a vacancy
近义opening; position available
反义full occupancy
The company has a vacancy for a marketing assistant in its Shanghai office.
该公司上海办公室有一个市场助理的空缺职位。
10short-term
短期的
讲解形容词，指时间短暂的，多修饰合同、计划、目标；反义为 long-term。
搭配short-term contract; short-term goal; in the short term
近义temporary; brief
反义long-term; permanent
Many graduates take short-term contracts before finding a permanent position.
许多毕业生在找到固定工作前先签短期合同。
11long-term
长期的
讲解形容词，指长期的、着眼于长远的；写作中常用于对比短期措施。
搭配long-term plan; long-term effect; in the long term
近义lasting; enduring
反义short-term; temporary
The government should invest in long-term solutions rather than quick fixes.
政府应投资于长期解决方案，而非权宜之计。
12work permit
工作许可证
讲解可数名词短语，指允许外国人在本国合法工作的官方证件。
搭配apply for a work permit; renew a work permit
近义work visa
派生permit（v. 允许）
Foreign workers must obtain a work permit before they can legally take a job.
外籍工人必须先获得工作许可证才能合法就业。
13clerk
办事员；职员
讲解指处理文书、账目等事务的职员；常与 bank, office 等构成职位名。
搭配a bank clerk; a office clerk; a filing clerk
近义office worker; administrator
She worked as a bank clerk for three years before being promoted.
她被提升前做了三年银行职员。
14personnel
全体人员，员工
讲解集合名词，指全体职员，谓语可用单数或复数；也指人事部门。
搭配personnel department; personnel management; a shortage of personnel
近义staff; workforce
派生personnel manager（人事经理）
The hotel is short of personnel during the peak tourist season.
旅游旺季期间这家酒店人手不足。
15chef
厨师长，厨师
讲解指餐厅里的主厨或厨师长，地位高于普通 cook，强调专业厨房中的核心角色
搭配head chef, pastry chef, sous chef, celebrity chef
近义cook, culinary expert, kitchen head
派生chefdom（厨师行业）
The head chef at this restaurant trained in Paris for nearly a decade.
这家餐厅的主厨在巴黎接受了近十年的培训。
16choreographer
舞蹈设计者；编舞者
讲解指专门为舞蹈、舞台剧或影视设计动作的人，常与舞蹈团、剧院合作
记忆choreo（舞蹈）+ graph（写、画）+ er（人）→ 把舞蹈“写”出来的人
搭配ballet choreographer, resident choreographer, work as a choreographer
近义dance designer, movement director
派生choreograph（v. 编舞），choreography（n. 编舞艺术）
The choreographer spent months designing every movement for the opening ceremony.
这位编舞者花了数月时间为开幕式设计每一个动作。
17sculptor
雕塑家；雕刻家
讲解指以雕刻、塑造方式创作立体艺术品的人，材料常为石、木、金属或黏土
记忆sculpt（雕刻）+ or（人），与 sculpture（雕塑作品）同源
搭配marble sculptor, bronze sculptor, contemporary sculptor
近义carver, artist, modeler
派生sculpt（v. 雕刻），sculpture（n. 雕塑）
The sculptor carved a lifelike figure out of a single block of marble.
这位雕塑家用一整块大理石雕刻出一个栩栩如生的人像。
18ethnobotanist
民族植物学家
讲解研究特定民族或文化如何认知、利用植物的学者，兼具人类学与植物学背景
记忆ethno（民族）+ botan（植物）+ ist（人）→ 研究民族与植物关系的人
搭配field ethnobotanist, study under an ethnobotanist
近义plant anthropologist, traditional plant researcher
派生ethnobotany（n. 民族植物学）
The ethnobotanist lived with a remote tribe to study how they used wild plants.
这位民族植物学家与一个偏远部落共同生活，研究他们如何使用野生植物。
19agronomist
农学家
讲解研究农作物生产与土壤管理的科学家，侧重提高农业产量与可持续性
记忆agro（田地、农业）+ nom（管理、法则）+ ist（人）→ 管理农田的人
搭配agricultural agronomist, consult an agronomist
近义agricultural scientist, crop specialist
派生agronomy（n. 农学），agronomic（adj. 农学的）
The agronomist advised local farmers on improving soil quality and crop yields.
这位农学家就改善土壤质量和提高作物产量向当地农民提出了建议。
20folklorist
民俗学家
讲解研究民间传说、习俗、歌谣与口述传统的学者，常做田野调查
记忆folk（民间）+ lore（传说、知识）+ ist（人）→ 研究民间传说的人
搭配field folklorist, a leading folklorist
近义tradition scholar, myth researcher
派生folklore（n. 民俗），folkloric（adj. 民俗的）
The folklorist collected oral tales from elderly villagers before they were forgotten.
这位民俗学家在老年村民的口述故事被遗忘之前将其收集起来。
21archaeologist
考古学家
讲解可数名词，指从事考古研究的专业人员，常与excavate/dig等动词搭配。
记忆archaeo(古老)+logist(学者)→研究古老事物的人。
搭配a field archaeologist, a marine archaeologist
近义excavator, antiquarian
派生archaeology, archaeological
The archaeologist carefully brushed the ancient pottery before sending it to the laboratory.
考古学家小心地刷去古老陶器上的尘土，然后将其送往实验室。
22rower
划桨手，赛艇运动员
讲解可数名词，指划船的人或赛艇运动员；动词row加-er构成动作执行者。
记忆row(划船)+er(人)→划船的人。
搭配a strong rower, an Olympic rower
近义oarsman, paddler
派生row, rowing
The rower trained for hours every morning to improve his speed on the water.
这位赛艇运动员每天早上训练数小时，以提高在水上的速度。
23journalist
新闻工作者，新闻记者
讲解可数名词，指新闻记者；常与interview/report/investigate等动词搭配。
记忆journal(期刊)+ist(人)→为期刊写稿的人。
搭配a freelance journalist, a sports journalist
近义reporter, correspondent
派生journalism, journalistic
The journalist interviewed several witnesses before writing her article for the newspaper.
这位记者在写报纸文章之前采访了几位目击者。
24ambassador
大使，使节
讲解可数名词，指驻外大使；常与to+国家搭配，如ambassador to France。
记忆ambass(使命)+ador(人)→肩负使命的人。
搭配a goodwill ambassador, the French ambassador
近义envoy, diplomat
派生embassy, ambassadorial
The ambassador met with local officials to discuss trade and cultural cooperation.
大使会见了当地官员，讨论贸易与文化合作。
25monk
修道士，僧侣
讲解可数名词，指修道士或僧侣；常与live/pray等动词搭配。
记忆源自希腊语monos(单独)→独居修行的人。
搭配a Buddhist monk, a Franciscan monk
近义friar, brother
派生monastic, monastery
The monk spent most of his day praying and copying old manuscripts in silence.
这位修道士一天中大部分时间都在默默祈祷和抄写古老手稿。
26priory
小修道院
讲解可数名词，指规模较小的修道院，通常由prioress或prior管理。
记忆prior(修道院长)+y(场所)→修道院长管理的场所。
搭配a medieval priory, a ruined priory
近义monastery, abbey
派生prior, prioress
The old priory has been converted into a quiet hotel for visitors to the region.
这座古老的小修道院已被改造成一家安静的酒店，供来此地区的游客住宿。
27shrine
圣坛；神殿
讲解可数名词，指供奉神明的圣坛或神殿，也引申指被尊崇的地方。
搭配visit a shrine, a Buddhist shrine, a shrine to sb
近义temple, sanctuary, holy place
派生shrine-like (adj.)
Every spring, thousands of pilgrims travel to the mountain shrine to pray for good fortune.
每年春天，成千上万的朝圣者前往山中的神殿祈求好运。
28priest
神父；神职人员
讲解可数名词，多指天主教、东正教的神父，基督教新教常用 minister。
搭配a Catholic priest, be ordained as a priest, parish priest
近义clergyman, minister, cleric
派生priesthood (n.) 神职
The local priest delivered a moving sermon about kindness and forgiveness.
当地神父发表了一篇关于善良与宽恕的感人布道。
29application
求职
讲解求职语境中常指求职申请（信/表），与 for 连用表示申请某职位。
搭配job application, application form, submit an application
近义job application, candidacy, request
派生apply (v.), applicant (n.)
She submitted her application for the marketing position before the deadline.
她在截止日期前提交了市场营销职位的求职申请。
30engage
雇用
讲解正式用语，表示雇用、聘用；也常指吸引注意或参与活动，注意语境区分。
搭配engage sb as, engage staff, be engaged in
近义employ, hire, recruit
反义dismiss, lay off
派生engagement (n.), engaged (adj.)
The company decided to engage two extra consultants for the busy season.
公司决定在旺季额外雇用两名顾问。
31work contract
劳务合同
讲解指规定工作条件、薪酬与期限的劳务合同，正式文本中常用 employment contract。
搭配sign a work contract, renew a work contract, breach a contract
近义employment contract, agreement, deal
派生contractual (adj.)
Before starting work, you must read and sign the work contract carefully.
开始工作前，你必须仔细阅读并签署劳务合同。
32ID card
身份证 (=identity card)
讲解ID card 为 identity card 的缩写，日常与正式场合均可使用，ID 读作两个字母。
搭配show your ID card, a valid ID card, apply for an ID card
近义identity card, identification, ID
派生ID (n.) 缩写形式
Please bring your ID card when you come to the office for registration.
来办公室登记时请携带你的身份证。
33briefcase
公文包
讲解指上班族装文件用的扁平手提包，比 suitcase 小；雅思听力职场场景常出现
搭配leather briefcase, carry a briefcase, snap the briefcase shut
近义attache case, document case
派生briefcase-sized
He set his worn leather briefcase on the desk and opened the morning reports.
他把破旧的皮公文包放在桌上，翻开了早晨的报告。
34boardroom
董事会会议室
讲解指公司高层开会的房间，不指会议本身；常与 hold a meeting 连用
搭配in the boardroom, boardroom meeting, boardroom decision
近义conference room, meeting room
派生boardroom-level
The managers argued for hours in the boardroom before reaching a final decision.
经理们在董事会会议室里争论了几个小时才做出最终决定。
35industrial accident
劳动事故
讲解指工作场所发生的意外伤害事故，雅思写作常与 safety regulations 搭配讨论
搭配suffer an industrial accident, prevent industrial accidents, report an industrial accident
近义workplace accident, occupational accident
反义safety record
The factory was fined heavily after an industrial accident injured three workers.
工厂因一起劳动事故致三名工人受伤而被重罚。
36vocational guidance
职业指导
讲解指帮助人选择职业方向的咨询服务，多用于教育类雅思写作话题
搭配provide vocational guidance, seek vocational guidance, vocational guidance service
近义career counselling, career advice
派生vocational counsellor
Schools should offer vocational guidance so that students can choose careers wisely.
学校应提供职业指导，以便学生明智地选择职业。
37vocational training
职业训练
讲解指培养具体职业技能的培训，常与 academic education 对比出现在雅思写作
搭配provide vocational training, receive vocational training, vocational training programme
近义skills training, job training
派生vocational trainee
Governments should fund vocational training to reduce youth unemployment in rural areas.
政府应资助职业培训，以减少农村地区的青年失业。
38emperor
皇帝；君主
讲解指帝国的男性君主；注意与 king（国王）区别，emperor 统治的是帝国
搭配the Roman emperor, crown an emperor, the emperor's palace
近义monarch, ruler, sovereign
派生empire, empress, imperial
The emperor ordered a new palace to be built near the river.
皇帝下令在河边建造一座新宫殿。
39predecessor
前任
讲解指同一职位或岗位上的前一任人，常用于职场与正式语境，后常接 in/of。
记忆pre-(在前)+de+cess(走)+or(人)→先走一步的人→前任。
搭配one's immediate predecessor；a worthy predecessor；predecessor of/in
近义forerunner；precursor；former holder
反义successor；follower
派生precede v. 先于；precedence n. 优先
My predecessor in this role left detailed notes that helped me settle in quickly.
我这个职位的前任留下了详细的笔记，帮助我很快适应了工作。
40paperback
平装书，简装本
讲解与 hardback/hardcover(精装书)相对，可作名词或定语，如 a paperback edition。
记忆paper(纸)+back(书背)→纸做的书背→平装本。
搭配a paperback edition；in paperback；paperback novel
近义softcover；softback；pocket book
反义hardback；hardcover
派生paperbacked adj. 平装的
She prefers paperbacks because they are cheaper and easier to carry on trips.
她更喜欢平装书，因为它们更便宜，旅行时也更方便携带。
41new-found
新获得的
讲解复合形容词，多作定语，常修饰 confidence、freedom、success、respect 等抽象名词。
记忆new(新)+found(找到的)→新找到的→新获得的。
搭配new-found confidence；new-found freedom；new-found success
近义newly acquired；freshly gained
反义long-standing；deep-rooted
After years of study, she finally enjoyed new-found confidence in public speaking.
经过多年学习，她终于在公开演讲中获得了新的自信。
42spreadsheet
电子数据表
讲解指用电脑软件制作的表格，常与 Excel 连用，可作可数名词，复数为 spreadsheets。
记忆spread(展开)+sheet(纸)→展开的大表格→电子数据表。
搭配create a spreadsheet；an Excel spreadsheet；update the spreadsheet
近义worksheet；data table
派生spreadsheet software 电子表格软件
The accountant updated the spreadsheet to track monthly expenses and profits.
会计更新了电子表格，以跟踪每月的支出和利润。
43choreography
编舞艺术；舞蹈设计
讲解指舞蹈动作的设计与编排，也可引申为精心安排的活动或流程。
记忆choreo-(舞蹈)+graphy(书写/记录)→把舞蹈写下来→编舞。
搭配stage the choreography；dance choreography；the choreography of
近义dance design；movement arrangement
派生choreographer n. 编舞者；choreograph v. 编排舞蹈
The choreography in the final scene was praised for its energy and precision.
最后一场的舞蹈编排因充满活力且精准而受到赞扬。
44labour costs
劳力成本
讲解指支付给工人的工资及相关费用，常用复数，英式拼写 labour，美式 labor。
记忆labour(劳动)+costs(成本)→劳动成本→劳力成本。
搭配high labour costs；reduce labour costs；labour costs rise
近义wage costs；staff expenses
反义capital costs；material costs
Rising labour costs have forced many small factories to invest in automation.
不断上涨的劳动力成本迫使许多小工厂投资自动化。
45permanent worker
长期工，固定工
讲解permanent worker 指与雇主签订长期合同的固定员工，与临时工相对
搭配permanent position, permanent contract, permanent employee
近义full-time employee, regular worker
反义temporary worker, casual labourer
After three years as a temporary hire, he was finally promoted to a permanent worker.
做了三年临时工后，他终于被提升为长期工。
46staff
人员
讲解staff 是集合名词，指全体人员，谓语可用单数或复数；说一名员工用 a member of staff
搭配teaching staff, medical staff, staff turnover
近义personnel, workforce, employees
反义management
The hotel staff were friendly and efficient throughout our two-week stay.
在我们两周的住宿期间，酒店员工友好而高效。
47skilled worker
技术工人
讲解skilled worker 强调经过培训、掌握专门技术的工人，常与 unskilled 对比
搭配skilled labour, highly skilled worker, skilled trades
近义trained worker, craftsman
反义unskilled worker, labourer
派生skill, skilled, skilful
The factory relies on skilled workers who can operate and repair complex machines.
这家工厂依赖能够操作和维修复杂机器的技术工人。
48specialized worker
熟练工人
讲解specialized worker 指在某一特定领域受过专门训练、有专业技能的工人
搭配specialized training, specialized skills, highly specialized
近义expert worker, trained specialist
反义general worker, unskilled worker
派生specialize, specialization, specialty
Specialized workers are in short supply as the industry adopts more advanced technology.
随着行业采用更先进的技术，熟练工人供不应求。
49collaborator
合作者
讲解collaborator 指一起工作、共同完成某事的人，也可指通敌者，需看语境
搭配close collaborator, research collaborator, work with collaborators
近义partner, co-worker, associate
派生collaborate, collaboration, collaborative
She worked closely with international collaborators on a project about climate change.
她与来自各国的合作者密切合作，开展一个关于气候变化的项目。
50foreman
工头；领班
讲解foreman 指工地或车间的领班，负责监督工人；女性领班可用 forewoman
搭配site foreman, shift foreman, report to the foreman
近义supervisor, overseer, line manager
反义subordinate, worker
The foreman checked that every worker was wearing the required safety equipment.
工头检查了每位工人都佩戴了规定的安全设备。
51craftsman
工匠
讲解可数名词，指手艺精湛的手工制作者，强调技艺而非学历
记忆craft（手艺）+s+man（人）→靠手艺吃饭的人
搭配a skilled craftsman, a master craftsman, craftsman's tools
近义artisan, maker, artisan-craftsman
派生craftsmanship（工艺；手艺）
The craftsman spent hours carving the wooden chair by hand.
这位工匠花了几个小时手工雕刻这把木椅。
52specialist
专家
讲解可数名词，常与介词 in/on 连用，指某一领域有专长的人
记忆special（专门的）+ist（人）→专攻某领域的人
搭配a specialist in, consult a specialist, refer to a specialist
近义expert, authority, professional
反义generalist, amateur
派生specialize（专攻）, specialization（专业化）
You should consult a specialist before making any decision about your health.
在做出任何有关健康的决定之前，你应该咨询一位专家。
53night shift
夜班
讲解名词短语，指夜间工作时段；常与 work/on 连用，work the night shift 上夜班
记忆night（夜）+shift（轮班）→夜间那一班
搭配work the night shift, on the night shift, night-shift workers
近义graveyard shift（美式，更口语）
反义day shift
Nurses who work the night shift often struggle to get enough sleep.
上夜班的护士常常难以获得足够的睡眠。
54template
模板
讲解可数名词，既指实体模板，也指抽象范式；常用于写作、设计、编程
记忆联想 temple（神庙）→神庙按固定图纸建造→模板
搭配a template for, use a template, a design template
近义pattern, model, framework
派生templated（按模板制作的）
The teacher provided a template to help students structure their essays.
老师提供了一个模板来帮助学生组织他们的文章。
55watermill
水磨
讲解可数名词，指靠水力驱动的磨坊或磨粉装置，属历史/乡村场景词汇
记忆water（水）+mill（磨坊）→靠水力转动的磨坊
搭配a watermill by the river, operate a watermill, an old watermill
近义water-powered mill
派生mill（磨坊）, miller（磨坊主）
In the past, farmers used a watermill to grind grain into flour.
过去，农民用水磨把谷物磨成面粉。
56windmill
风车；风力磨坊
讲解可数名词，指风力驱动的磨坊或风车；常出现在乡村、能源类话题中
记忆wind（风）+mill（磨坊）→靠风转动的磨坊
搭配a windmill on the hill, windmill blades, a historic windmill
近义wind turbine（现代风力机，语义相近但不同）
派生mill（磨坊）, miller（磨坊主）
The old windmill still stands on the hill as a tourist attraction.
那座古老的风车仍然矗立在山丘上，成为一处旅游景点。
57axle
车轴，轮轴
讲解可数名词，指车辆或机械上承重并转动的轴；常与 front/rear/back 连用。
搭配front axle, rear axle, axle shaft
近义shaft, spindle, pivot
派生axle-load（轴荷）
The mechanic jacked up the car to inspect the worn rear axle.
机械师用千斤顶把车顶起来，检查磨损的后车轴。
58centrifugal force
离心力
讲解物理术语，指旋转体系中使物体远离中心的惯性效应；常与 generate/create/overcome 搭配。
搭配centrifugal force, centrifugal pump, centrifugal clutch
近义outward force, radial force
反义centripetal force
派生centrifugal（离心的）
Centrifugal force pushes the mud outward as the wheel spins rapidly.
车轮快速旋转时，离心力把泥浆向外甩出。
59chisel
凿子，凿刀
讲解可数名词，木工或石工用的切削工具；也可作动词，表示用凿子凿刻。
搭配a sharp chisel, wood chisel, chisel away at
近义gouge, cutter, burin
派生chiselled（凿成的；轮廓分明的）
He used a sharp chisel to carve the joint into the hardwood.
他用一把锋利的凿子把接头刻进硬木里。
60sawdust
锯屑，锯末
讲解不可数名词，木材锯切时产生的碎屑；常与 cover/spread/sweep 等动词连用。
搭配wood sawdust, a layer of sawdust, sawdust-covered floor
近义wood dust, wood shavings, filings
派生sawdusty（满是锯屑的）
The floor of the workshop was covered with fine sawdust after cutting.
切割之后，车间地板上覆盖着一层细锯末。
61repetition
重复
讲解名词，指重复做同一动作或出现同一事物；常与 constant/endless/mere 搭配。
搭配constant repetition, repetition of, avoid repetition
近义reiteration, duplication, recurrence
反义variety, novelty
派生repetitive（重复的），repeat（重复）
Learning a language requires constant repetition and regular practice.
学习一门语言需要不断的重复和规律的练习。
62plank
木板；板条
讲解可数名词，指厚而窄的木板；也指政策要点或纲领条目。
搭配wooden plank, a plank of wood, walk the plank
近义board, timber, beam
派生planking（铺板材料）
They laid wooden planks across the muddy ground to walk on.
他们在泥泞的地面上铺了木板以便行走。
63mortise
榫眼，卯眼
讲解名词，指木料上凿出的凹槽，与 tenon（榫头）配合使用，常见于木工、家具制造语境。
记忆mortise 与 tenon 是一对，凹为 mortise，凸为 tenon。
搭配cut a mortise, mortise and tenon joint, mortise chisel
近义slot, groove, socket
派生mortise lock（插芯锁）
The carpenter cut a neat mortise into the oak beam before fitting the joint.
木匠在橡木梁上凿出一个整齐的榫眼，然后才安装接头。
64tenon
榫头，榫舌
讲解名词，指木料端部凸出的部分，插入 mortise 形成榫卯结构，是传统木工的核心连接方式。
记忆与 mortise 成对记忆：tenon 凸、mortise 凹。
搭配tenon saw, mortise and tenon joint, cut a tenon
近义tongue, projection
派生tenoner（开榫机）
The tenon slides tightly into the mortise, making the frame remarkably strong.
榫头紧紧插入榫眼，使框架异常坚固。
65warship
战舰，军舰
讲解可数名词，指装备武器的军用舰船；warship 是统称，具体可指 destroyer、frigate、cruiser 等。
记忆war（战争）+ ship（船）→ 用于战争的船。
搭配a fleet of warships, naval warship, send a warship
近义naval vessel, man-of-war
派生warship-building（军舰建造）
The fleet sent several warships to patrol the disputed waters near the island.
舰队派出几艘军舰在岛屿附近有争议的水域巡逻。
66weapon
武器，兵器
讲解可数名词，泛指武器；作“手段、利器”解时常用 weapon against，如 patience is a weapon against stress。
记忆联想：wea（近似 war）+ pon → 与战争相关之物。
搭配nuclear weapons, lethal weapon, a weapon against
近义arm, armament, munition
派生weaponry（武器总称）, weaponize（使武器化）
The treaty prohibits the sale of advanced weapons to the rebel forces.
该条约禁止向叛军出售先进武器。
67ballast
压舱物
讲解不可数名词，指为稳定船身而放置的重物；引申义指起稳定作用的人或事物。
记忆联想 ball（球、重块）+ last → 压在舱底稳住船的东西。
搭配water ballast, ballast tank, provide ballast
近义stabilizer, counterweight
派生ballasted（装有压舱物的）
The crew loaded heavy ballast into the hold to keep the ship stable.
船员把沉重的压舱物装进货舱，以保持船身稳定。
68rudder
舵；方向舵
讲解名词，指船或飞机的方向舵；引申义为“指导原则、掌舵作用”，如 at the rudder of the economy。
记忆联想：rudder 与 read 同源，掌舵如同“读”方向。
搭配turn the rudder, rudder control, at the rudder
近义helm, steering wheel
派生rudderless（无舵的；无领导的）
The captain turned the rudder sharply to avoid the rocks ahead.
船长猛转舵，以避开前方的礁石。
69stern
船尾，艉部
讲解名词指船尾，与 bow（船头）相对；也可作形容词，表示“严厉的、坚决的”
记忆联想：stern 读音近“死等”，站在船尾死等靠岸
搭配at the stern, from stem to stern, a stern warning
近义rear, back, tail
反义bow, prow, front
派生sternly（严厉地），sternness（严厉）
The captain stood at the stern and watched the harbour slowly disappear behind them.
船长站在船尾，看着港口慢慢消失在身后。
70tiller
舵柄
讲解名词，指小船的舵柄，用于手动控制船舵；大型船舶多用 wheel
搭配hold the tiller, push the tiller, at the tiller
近义helm, steering handle
反义—
派生tillerman（掌舵人）
He gripped the tiller tightly as the wind suddenly changed direction.
风向骤变时，他紧紧握住舵柄。
71mast
船桅，桅杆
讲解名词，指帆船的桅杆；也引申为“天线杆、旗杆”，如 radio mast
记忆与 master 同源，桅杆是船上“站得最高”的部分
搭配raise a mast, a mast on a ship, antenna mast
近义spar, pole, post
反义—
派生masthead（桅顶），masted（有桅的）
A tall mast rose above the deck, its sails filled with the morning breeze.
高高的桅杆耸立在甲板之上，船帆鼓满了晨风。
72rigging
索具
讲解不可数名词，指船上支撑和操控桅帆的全部绳索系统；引申为“操纵、暗中操控”
记忆由 rig（装配、操纵）加 -ing 构成，绳索就是用来“操纵”帆的
搭配check the rigging, steel rigging, rigging wires
近义ropes, cordage, tackle
反义—
派生rig（装配；操纵），rigger（索具工）
The crew spent the whole afternoon repairing the rigging before the storm arrived.
全体船员花了一下午修理索具，赶在暴风雨来临之前。
73hull
船体，船身
讲解名词，指船体（不含桅帆的壳体）；也可指果实的外壳、豆荚
记忆联想：hull 与 hold（船舱）形近，船体包住货舱
搭配a wooden hull, hull damage, the hull of a ship
近义body, frame, shell
反义—
派生hulled（去壳的），hulling（去壳）
The ship's hull was badly damaged after it struck a hidden rock near the shore.
船在近岸撞上暗礁后，船体严重受损。
74quay
泊岸，码头
讲解名词，指供船只停靠装卸的码头，通常为石砌或混凝土结构
记忆联想：quay 读音似 key，码头是通往城市的“钥匙”
搭配along the quay, a busy quay, quay side
近义wharf, dock, pier
反义—
派生quayside（码头边）
Fishermen unloaded their catch onto the quay as the sun rose over the bay.
太阳从海湾升起时，渔民们把渔获卸到码头上。
75bedrock
基岩
讲解地质学中指坚硬岩层，也常比喻牢固的基础或根本原则
搭配bedrock of society / solid bedrock / reach bedrock
近义foundation / base / substratum
派生bed / rock
Drilling through the bedrock requires special equipment and a great deal of patience.
钻穿基岩需要专门的设备以及极大的耐心。
76vein
矿脉
讲解本义为矿脉，引申为风格、情绪或特征的脉络
搭配a vein of gold / in the same vein / a rich vein of humour
近义lode / seam / deposit
派生veined / veining
The miners followed a rich vein of gold deep into the mountain.
矿工们沿着一条富金矿脉深入山中。
77mineral
矿物，矿石
讲解可数名词，指天然矿物；mineral water 指矿泉水
搭配mineral resources / mineral water / a rare mineral
近义ore / crystal / inorganic substance
反义organic
派生mineralogy / mineralogist / mineralize
The country exports minerals such as copper, iron and zinc to many nations.
该国向许多国家出口铜、铁、锌等矿物。
78aluminium
铝
讲解英式拼写为 aluminium，美式拼写为 aluminum，注意区分
搭配aluminium foil / aluminium alloy / recycled aluminium
派生aluminium / aluminum
Aluminium is lightweight, rust-resistant and widely used in aircraft manufacturing.
铝重量轻、抗锈蚀，广泛用于飞机制造。
79flint
火石，打火石
讲解一种坚硬岩石，历史上用于取火和制作工具；也形容坚硬的心肠
搭配flint tools / strike a flint / a heart of flint
近义chert / stone / firestone
派生flinty / flintlock
Ancient people used flint to make tools and to start fires.
古人用打火石制作工具并生火。
80flotilla
小型船队
讲解指由多艘小船组成的船队，常用于军事或渔业语境
搭配a flotilla of boats / fishing flotilla / naval flotilla
近义fleet / squadron / armada
派生flotilla / fleet
A small flotilla of fishing boats left the harbour before sunrise.
一支小型渔船队在日出前离开了港口。
81van
运货车
讲解可数名词，指小型厢式运货车，比 truck 小，常用于快递、搬家等场景。
搭配delivery van, moving van, van driver
近义truck, lorry, wagon
派生vanload（一货车的量）
The delivery van stopped outside the warehouse to unload its heavy boxes.
送货车停在仓库外卸下沉重的箱子。
82tack
马具，鞍辔
讲解不可数名词，统称马具、鞍辔；也指图钉。注意与 tact（得体）拼写区分。
搭配horse tack, saddle and tack, tack room
近义harness, saddlery, gear
派生tacky（发黏的；俗气的）
The rider checked every piece of tack before the long journey began.
骑手在长途旅行开始前检查了每一件马具。
83handhold
手可以抓的东西
讲解可数名词，指可供手抓握之处；引申为可依靠的支撑点或机会。
搭配a firm handhold, find a handhold, grip the handhold
近义grip, hold, support
派生handhold（由 hand + hold 复合而成）
Climbers need a firm handhold to pull themselves up the steep rock face.
攀登者需要一个牢固的抓手才能把自己拉上陡峭的岩壁。
84foothold
踏脚处
讲解本义为攀爬时的踏脚处，常引申为「立足点、初步的据点」，多用于商业语境。
搭配gain a foothold, establish a foothold, a foothold in the market
近义base, toehold, anchor
派生foothold（由 foot + hold 复合而成）
The company used its first contract as a foothold in the Asian market.
这家公司把第一份合同当作进入亚洲市场的立足点。
85lid
盖，盖子
讲解可数名词，指容器、锅、眼睑等的盖子；keep a lid on sth 意为「压制、隐瞒」。
搭配take the lid off, put a lid on, a tight lid
近义cover, top, cap
反义base, bottom
派生lidded（有盖的）
She lifted the lid of the old wooden box and found a pile of letters.
她掀开旧木箱的盖子，发现了一堆信件。
86plastic
塑料(制)的
讲解名词指塑料，作定语时意为「塑料制的」；也引申为「虚假的、不自然的」。
搭配plastic bag, plastic waste, plastic pollution
近义synthetic, man-made
反义natural, organic
派生plasticity（可塑性）, plastics（塑料制品）
Plastic bottles take hundreds of years to break down in the ocean.
塑料瓶在海洋中需要数百年才能分解。
87tractor
拖拉机
讲解名词，指农用拖拉机，也可指牵引车；作动词时意为用拖拉机牵引
记忆tract 拉 + or 表物 → 拉东西的机器
搭配drive a tractor / a tractor driver / tractor tyre
派生tractor-trailer 牵引挂车
The farmer drove his old tractor across the muddy field to plough the soil.
农夫开着旧拖拉机穿过泥泞的田地耕地。
88pothole
凹坑
讲解名词，指路面凹坑；也指锅洞，引申为道路坑洼问题
记忆pot 锅 + hole 洞 → 像锅一样的洞
搭配fill a pothole / hit a pothole / potholed road
派生potholed 坑坑洼洼的
After the heavy rain, the road was full of potholes that damaged many cars.
大雨过后，路上满是坑洞，损坏了许多汽车。
89slab
板，片
讲解名词，指厚平板、石板；也指一块（食物等），如 a slab of chocolate
记忆联想 slab 与 flat 押韵，都是“平”的意思
搭配a slab of concrete / stone slab / slab of meat
派生slabby 板状的
Workers poured concrete onto a large slab to build the foundation of the house.
工人们把混凝土倒在一块大板上，用来建造房子的地基。
90furnace
熔炉
讲解名词，指熔炉、火炉，用于取暖或冶炼；引申为闷热的地方
记忆联想 fur 毛 + nace → 烧毛的炉子
搭配blast furnace 高炉 / furnace room / oil furnace
派生furnaced 在炉中处理的
The old furnace in the basement kept the whole house warm during winter.
地下室的旧火炉在冬天让整栋房子保持温暖。
91foolproof
肯定成功的，万无一失的
讲解形容词，指万无一失的、极简单可靠的，即使傻瓜也不会出错
记忆fool 傻瓜 + proof 防 → 防傻瓜的
搭配a foolproof plan / foolproof method / foolproof security
近义infallible / reliable / guaranteed
反义flawed / unreliable
The engineer designed a foolproof system to prevent any possible accidents.
工程师设计了一个万无一失的系统，以防止任何可能的事故。
92laboriously
费劲地
讲解副词，指费力地、艰难地，常修饰动作动词，强调过程辛苦
记忆labor 劳动 + iously 地 → 劳动般地
搭配work laboriously / laboriously slow / laboriously written
近义arduously / painstakingly / with difficulty
反义easily / effortlessly
派生laborious 费力的
She laboriously climbed the steep hill, carrying a heavy backpack on her shoulders.
她吃力地爬上陡峭的山坡，肩上背着一个沉重的背包。
93ostensibly
表面地，假装地
讲解副词，常置于动词前或句首，暗示实际情况与表面说法不符，含怀疑或讽刺意味
记忆源自拉丁语 ostendere（展示），ostensible 即“摆出来给人看的”
搭配ostensibly neutral, ostensibly for, ostensibly about
近义seemingly, supposedly, allegedly
反义genuinely, actually
派生ostensible (adj.) 表面的，ostentation (n.) 炫耀
The company ostensibly promotes work-life balance, yet employees routinely work overtime without extra pay.
这家公司表面上提倡工作与生活的平衡，但员工经常无偿加班。
94proletarian
无产者
讲解名词/形容词，指不占有生产资料、靠出卖劳动力为生的社会阶层，常与 bourgeois 对比
记忆拉丁语 proles（后代）+ -arian，指仅能靠生育后代、靠劳动谋生的人
搭配proletarian class, proletarian revolution, the proletariat
近义working-class, wage-earning
反义bourgeois, aristocratic
派生proletariat (n.) 无产阶级
The novel portrays the struggles of proletarian families during the industrial revolution.
这部小说描绘了工业革命期间无产阶级家庭的挣扎。
95trade union
工会
讲解可数名词，指代表劳动者与雇主谈判的组织，英式常用 trade union，美式多用 labor union
搭配join a trade union, trade union leader, trade union rights
近义labor union, union
派生unionize (v.) 组织工会，unionized (adj.) 加入工会的
The trade union negotiated a substantial pay rise and safer conditions for its members.
工会为其成员争取到了大幅加薪和更安全的工作条件。
96guild
行会
讲解名词，指中世纪手工业者或商人组成的行业组织，也泛指现代行业协会或同业公会
记忆与 gold 同源，原指“付钱加入的团体”
搭配join a guild, guild member, the guild system
近义association, union, society
派生guildhall (n.) 行会会馆
In medieval Europe, every craftsman had to belong to a guild to practise his trade.
在中世纪欧洲，每个工匠都必须加入行会才能从事本行。
97association
协会
讲解可数名词，指为共同目的组成的团体，也可指联想、联系，注意与 with 连用表“与……的联系”
记忆联想 as-（向）+ soci（同伴）+ -ation，即“结伴在一起”
搭配professional association, in association with, freedom of association
近义organization, society, federation
派生associate (v./n.) 联系；同事，associated (adj.) 相关的
She is a member of the national association of professional translators.
她是全国职业翻译协会的成员。
98emigration
移民；移居
讲解不可数名词，强调“迁出”这一动作，注意与 immigration（迁入）方向相反
记忆e-/ex-（向外）+ migr（迁移）+ -ation，即“迁出去”
搭配mass emigration, emigration from, emigration policy
近义migration, exodus
反义immigration, influx
派生emigrate (v.) 移居国外，emigrant (n.) 移居者
Economic hardship drove large-scale emigration from rural areas to the cities.
经济困难促使人们大规模从农村移居到城市。
99representative
代表
讲解可指公司、政府或团体的代表，也可作形容词“有代表性的”。
搭配sales representative, union representative, representative sample
近义delegate, agent, spokesperson
派生represent, representation
Each department sent a representative to the meeting to discuss the new budget.
每个部门都派了一名代表参加会议，讨论新的预算。
100works council
劳资联合委员会
讲解指企业内由员工代表与管理层共同组成的委员会，常见于欧洲国家。
搭配elect a works council, works council meeting
近义employee committee, staff council
派生work council member
The works council negotiated with management over working hours and safety conditions.
劳资联合委员会就工作时间和安全条件与管理层进行谈判。
101labour law
劳工法
讲解指规范雇佣关系、工资、工时与安全的法规，英式拼写 labour，美式 labor。
搭配labour law reform, violate labour law, labour law compliance
近义employment law, industrial law
派生labour lawyer, labour legislation
The new labour law raises the minimum wage and limits overtime for factory workers.
新劳工法提高了最低工资并限制了工厂工人的加班时间。
102resuscitation
复兴
讲解本义为“复苏、复兴”，医学中常指心肺复苏；经济语境中表示重振。
搭配economic resuscitation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation
近义revival, recovery, revitalization
反义collapse, decline
派生resuscitate
The economic resuscitation of the region depended on foreign investment and new jobs.
该地区的经济复兴依赖于外国投资和新就业机会。
103outlay
开支，费用
讲解指为某目的支出的费用，常与 initial、capital、total 等搭配。
搭配initial outlay, capital outlay, total outlay
近义expenditure, expense, spending
反义income, revenue
The initial outlay for training new staff was high but paid off within a year.
培训新员工的初期开支很高，但一年内就收回了成本。
104remuneration
报酬
讲解正式用语，指工作所得的报酬，常用于法律、合同和职场语境。
搭配fair remuneration, remuneration package, remuneration for work
近义pay, salary, compensation
派生remunerate, remunerative
Employees demanded fair remuneration for the extra hours they worked during the holiday.
员工要求为假期加班获得公平的报酬。
105wage index
工资指数
讲解经济类话题常用，指反映工资水平变动的统计指标，多与adjust/rise/fall连用
搭配wage index adjustment, real wage index, national wage index
近义salary index, pay scale indicator
派生wage-indexed（与工资指数挂钩的）
The government adjusts the wage index annually to reflect changes in the cost of living.
政府每年调整工资指数，以反映生活成本的变化。
106basic wage
基础工资
讲解指不含奖金、津贴的固定底薪，常与bonus、overtime pay对比出现于职场话题
搭配earn a basic wage, basic wage level, raise the basic wage
近义base pay, base salary
反义bonus, commission
派生basic-wage earner（底薪劳动者）
Many workers complain that their basic wage has not kept pace with inflation.
许多工人抱怨他们的基础工资没有跟上通货膨胀。
107gross wages
全部收入
讲解指税前未扣除任何费用的总工资，与net wages（净工资）相对，常见于薪酬谈判语境
搭配gross wages and salaries, annual gross wages, gross wage gap
近义total earnings, pre-tax income
反义net wages, take-home pay
After tax and deductions, her gross wages were far higher than her take-home pay.
扣除税费后，她的全部收入远高于实际到手工资。
108hourly wages
计时工资
讲解强调按小时计酬，常用于讨论最低工资、兼职与零工经济
搭配hourly wage rate, minimum hourly wages, earn hourly wages
近义hourly pay, hourly rate
反义monthly salary, annual salary
Part-time staff are usually paid hourly wages rather than a fixed monthly salary.
兼职员工通常按计时工资支付，而不是固定月薪。
109bonus
奖励
讲解指额外奖励报酬，可作可数名词；常与annual、performance、cash等搭配
搭配annual bonus, performance bonus, bonus scheme
近义incentive, reward, premium
反义penalty, deduction
派生bonus-based（以奖金为基础的）
Employees who exceed their sales targets receive a generous year-end bonus.
超额完成销售目标的员工会获得丰厚的年终奖金。
110perk
额外收入，津贴
讲解口语化，指工资之外的额外好处；常用复数perks，职场话题中与benefits近义
搭配job perks, fringe perks, enjoy the perks
近义fringe benefit, extra benefit, advantage
反义drawback, disadvantage
Free gym membership and a company car are among the perks of this position.
免费健身房会员资格和公司配车是这个职位的额外福利之一。
111payday
发薪日
讲解可数名词，指发工资的那一天；职场话题中常与 wait for、spend、before/after 连用。
记忆pay（支付）+ day（日子），付钱的那天即发薪日。
搭配wait for payday、on payday、spend payday、payday loan
近义salary day、wage day
反义non-payment day
Most employees eagerly wait for payday because it is the moment their hard work finally turns into cash.
大多数员工都热切等待发薪日，因为那是他们的辛勤工作终于变成现金的时刻。
112pay slip
工资单
讲解英式拼写为 pay slip，美式常用 paycheck 或 payslip；指列明工资明细的单据。
记忆pay（工资）+ slip（纸条），写工资的纸条。
搭配read a pay slip、digital pay slip、monthly pay slip
近义paycheck、payslip、wage statement
派生payslip（合写形式）
She checked her pay slip carefully to see whether the overtime hours had been included.
她仔细查看工资单，看加班时间是否被算进去了。
113payroll
薪水册
讲解可作名词指薪水册或工资总额，也可作定语；常与 on the payroll、payroll system 连用。
记忆pay（支付）+ roll（名单），支付名单即薪水册。
搭配on the payroll、payroll system、payroll tax、monthly payroll
近义wage bill、salary list
派生payrolls（复数）
The company moved its entire payroll to a digital system to reduce administrative errors.
公司把整个薪水册转移到数字系统，以减少行政错误。
114unemployment benefit
失业救济
讲解英式常用 unemployment benefit，美式常说 unemployment benefits 或 unemployment insurance。
记忆unemployment（失业）+ benefit（补助），失业补助即救济。
搭配claim unemployment benefit、receive unemployment benefit、cut unemployment benefit
近义jobseeker's allowance、unemployment compensation
反义employment income
After losing his job, he relied on unemployment benefit until he found new employment.
失业后，他靠失业救济生活，直到找到新工作。
115old-age pension
养老金
讲解指退休后领取的养老金；常与 draw、receive、live on 连用，也可说 state pension。
记忆old-age（老年）+ pension（抚恤金/养老金）。
搭配draw an old-age pension、state old-age pension、live on a pension
近义retirement pension、state pension
派生pensioner（领养老金者）
Many elderly people depend on their old-age pension as their main source of income.
许多老人依靠养老金作为主要收入来源。
116retirement
退休
讲解不可数名词，指退休状态；常见搭配为 after retirement、at retirement、early retirement。
记忆retire（退休）+ -ment（名词后缀），表示退休这一状态。
搭配early retirement、take early retirement、after retirement、retirement age
近义withdrawal from work、pensioning off
反义employment、working life
派生retire、retired、retiree
He plans to travel around the world after retirement instead of settling down quietly.
他计划退休后环游世界，而不是安静地安定下来。
117respite
暂息，暂缓
讲解多作不可数名词，常与a brief/short/temporary连用，指从困难或压力中暂时解脱
记忆re(再)+spite(看)→再看一眼，喘口气
搭配get respite from, a brief respite, without respite
近义break, relief, pause
反义continuation, persistence
派生respites
The new policy offers a brief respite for workers struggling with rising living costs.
新政策为那些在生活成本上涨中挣扎的工人提供了短暂的喘息机会。
118claim
要求；索赔
讲解作动词可表要求、索赔、声称；作名词指索赔、主张，雅思写作常用claim that结构
记忆claim与exclaim(惊呼)、proclaim(宣告)同源，都含喊出之意
搭配claim compensation, claim responsibility, make a claim
近义demand, assert, allege
反义deny, disclaim
派生claimant, claimable
Thousands of employees claim compensation for injuries suffered at work every year.
每年有数千名员工因工伤要求赔偿。
119perennial
长期存在的；常年的
讲解形容词，强调问题、现象长期反复出现，常修饰problem、issue、shortage等
记忆per(贯穿)+enn(年)+ial→贯穿全年的，即常年的
搭配a perennial problem, perennial shortage, perennial favourite
近义persistent, recurring, enduring
反义temporary, fleeting
派生perennially
Traffic congestion is a perennial problem in most large cities around the world.
交通拥堵是世界大多数大城市长期存在的问题。
120polarise
使两极分化
讲解英式拼写polarise，美式polarize；常用被动be polarised into或around，指分成对立两派
记忆polar(极)+ise(使)→使走向两极
搭配polarise opinion, be polarised into two camps, polarise around
近义divide, split, alienate
反义unite, reconcile
派生polarisation, polarised
Social media has polarised public opinion on many controversial political issues.
社交媒体在许多有争议的政治问题上使公众舆论两极分化。
121pre-empt
抢先行动
讲解动词，指先发制人、抢先阻止某事发生，常接criticism、attack、objection等
记忆pre(预先)+empt(买/取)→预先买断，抢先占有
搭配pre-empt criticism, pre-empt a question, pre-empt competition
近义forestall, anticipate, prevent
派生pre-emption, pre-emptive
The government pre-empted criticism by publishing the full report before the election.
政府在选举前公布完整报告，抢先化解了批评。
122pronounce
宣称；宣布
讲解除发音外，还表正式宣称、宣判，常用pronounce sb/sth + adj或pronounce on/upon
记忆pro(向前)+nounce(宣布)→向前宣布，即宣告
搭配pronounce sentence, pronounce sb guilty, pronounce on a matter
近义declare, announce, proclaim
反义conceal, withhold
派生pronouncement, pronunciation
The judge pronounced the defendant innocent after a long and detailed trial.
经过漫长而详尽的审判，法官宣判被告无罪。
123remodel
重建
讲解作动词指对建筑、房间等改造翻新，也可引申为改组机构、重塑形象。
记忆re（再）+ model（模型）→ 重新做模型 → 改造。
搭配remodel a house / remodel the kitchen / remodel an old building
近义renovate, refurbish, revamp
派生remodelling（n. 改造）
The city council plans to remodel the old factory into a modern art centre.
市议会计划把这座旧工厂改建成一座现代艺术中心。
124slant
有倾向性，倾斜
讲解作动词常指报道、观点带有倾向性；作名词指倾斜面或某种立场角度。
记忆联想 slope（斜坡），斜着看就是有偏向。
搭配slant towards / be slanted in favour of / a slanted view
近义bias, tilt, lean
反义balance, impartiality
The report was clearly slanted in favour of the government's new policy.
这份报告明显偏向支持政府的新政策。
125breach
违背，违反
讲解多指对法律、合同、规定的违反，也指关系破裂或防御缺口。
记忆联想 break（打破），把规矩打破就是违反。
搭配a breach of contract / breach of security / breach the rules
近义violation, infringement, break
派生breach（v. 违反）
The company was fined heavily for a serious breach of safety regulations.
该公司因严重违反安全法规而被重罚。
126stunt
噱头，引人注目的花招
讲解名词指为博取关注而做的花招，常含贬义；也指特技表演。
记忆联想电影里的特技镜头，多为制造轰动效果。
搭配a publicity stunt / a marketing stunt / perform a stunt
近义gimmick, trick, feat
派生stuntman（n. 特技演员）
Critics dismissed the advertisement as a cheap publicity stunt to attract attention.
批评者认为这则广告不过是吸引眼球的廉价宣传噱头。
127sue
控告，对…提起诉讼
讲解动词，指对某人或机构提起法律诉讼，常与 for 连用说明事由。
记忆联想 suit（诉讼），sue 就是打官司。
搭配sue sb for sth / sue for damages / threaten to sue
近义prosecute, litigate, take to court
The workers decided to sue the factory for unfair dismissal last year.
工人们决定就去年被不公正解雇一事起诉这家工厂。
128go-slow
怠工
讲解名词，指工人故意放慢工作速度的怠工形式，属温和的罢工手段。
记忆go（进行）+ slow（慢）→ 慢下来干活 → 怠工。
搭配call a go-slow / stage a go-slow / a go-slow protest
近义slowdown, work-to-rule
反义strike（全面罢工）
The union called a go-slow to protest against the proposed pay cuts.
工会发起怠工以抗议拟议中的减薪。
129strike pay
罢工津贴(由工会给的)
讲解指工会向罢工工人发放的补助金，属劳工话题高频词，常与 union 连用
搭配strike pay fund, receive strike pay, union strike pay
近义strike benefit, union pay
派生striker
During the strike, the union provided strike pay to workers who had no wages.
罢工期间，工会向没有工资的工人发放罢工津贴。
130demonstration
示威
讲解可数名词，指公开示威游行；hold/stage a demonstration 为常用搭配
搭配hold a demonstration, peaceful demonstration, mass demonstration
近义protest, rally, march
反义suppression
派生demonstrate, demonstrator
Thousands of people joined a peaceful demonstration against the new labour law.
数千人参加了反对新劳动法的和平示威。
131petition
请愿(书)
讲解既可作名词（请愿书）也可作动词（请愿），常与 sign/file 连用
搭配sign a petition, file a petition, online petition
近义appeal, plea
派生petitioner
Workers signed a petition demanding higher wages and safer working conditions.
工人们签署了一份请愿书，要求提高工资和改善工作条件。
132sanction
制裁
讲解表制裁时常用复数 sanctions，搭配 impose/lift sanctions on；单数可指批准
搭配impose sanctions, lift sanctions, economic sanctions
近义penalty, punishment
反义reward
派生sanctionable
The government imposed economic sanctions on the country for violating trade rules.
政府因该国违反贸易规则而对其实施经济制裁。
133unemployment
失业
讲解不可数名词，常与 rate/level 搭配；youth unemployment 为高频表达
搭配unemployment rate, rising unemployment, tackle unemployment
近义joblessness
反义employment
派生unemployed, employ
Youth unemployment has risen sharply since the factory closed last year.
自去年工厂关闭以来，青年失业率急剧上升。
134discharge
辞退
讲解此处指辞退、解雇，比 fire 正式；也可指释放、排出，需依语境判断
搭配be discharged from, discharge sb for, discharge duties
近义dismiss, fire, lay off
反义hire, employ
派生dischargeable
He was discharged from the company for repeatedly breaking safety rules.
他因屡次违反安全规定而被公司辞退。
135dismissal
开除，解雇
讲解名词，指被解雇或开除，常与 lead to、unfair 等搭配，正式语境常用。
记忆由动词 dismiss（解雇、解散）加 -al 名词后缀构成。
搭配unfair dismissal, wrongful dismissal, lead to dismissal
近义firing, termination, removal
反义hiring, recruitment
派生dismiss (v.), dismissive (adj.)
His repeated lateness eventually led to his dismissal from the company.
他屡次迟到最终导致被公司解雇。
136negotiation
谈判
讲解名词，指谈判、协商过程，常用于商业、外交语境，可数不可数皆可。
记忆由动词 negotiate 加 -ion 名词后缀，源自拉丁语 negotium（事务）。
搭配enter into negotiations, wage negotiations, a negotiation process
近义bargaining, talks, discussion
反义confrontation, imposition
派生negotiate (v.), negotiator (n.), negotiable (adj.)
Successful negotiation requires patience, clear goals and a willingness to compromise.
成功的谈判需要耐心、明确的目标以及妥协的意愿。