1 / 103 句0 词已学
1disaster
灾难
讲解可数名词,常与natural/nuclear/ecological连用,指造成巨大破坏的灾难
搭配natural disaster, environmental disaster, disaster relief, disaster zone
近义calamity, tragedy, misfortune
反义blessing, boon
派生disastrous (adj.) 灾难性的
The flood was the worst natural disaster to hit the region in fifty years.
这场洪水是五十年来袭击该地区最严重的自然灾害。
2catastrophe
大灾难
讲解语气比disaster更强,指影响范围极大、难以挽回的大灾难
搭配environmental catastrophe, avert a catastrophe, humanitarian catastrophe
近义disaster, calamity, tragedy
反义blessing, miracle
派生catastrophic (adj.) 灾难性的
Scientists warn that rising sea levels could become a catastrophe for coastal cities.
科学家警告说,海平面上升可能成为沿海城市的重大灾难。
3irreversible
不可撤销的
讲解常修饰damage/harm/change,强调后果无法挽回,是环保话题高频词
搭配irreversible damage, irreversible change, irreversible decline
近义irreparable, permanent, unalterable
反义reversible, recoverable
派生irreversibly (adv.) 不可逆转地
Cutting down the rainforest may cause irreversible damage to the global climate.
砍伐雨林可能对全球气候造成不可逆转的破坏。
4avalanche
雪崩
讲解可数名词,指山上大量积雪崩塌下滑;也可喻指问题如雪崩般涌来
搭配trigger an avalanche, be caught in an avalanche, an avalanche of questions
近义snowslide, landslide
派生avalanches (pl.) 雪崩(复数)
Two climbers were buried under a sudden avalanche near the mountain pass.
两名登山者被山口附近突然发生的雪崩掩埋。
5downpour
暴雨
讲解可数名词,指短时间内的大量降雨,常与heavy/sudden连用
搭配heavy downpour, sudden downpour, be caught in a downpour
近义deluge, torrential rain, cloudburst
反义drizzle, sprinkle
派生downpours (pl.) 暴雨(复数)
A heavy downpour flooded the streets and delayed traffic across the whole city.
一场暴雨淹没了街道,导致全城交通延误。
6earthquake
地震
讲解可数名词,常与powerful/massive/mild连用,搭配strike/hit表示发生
搭配a massive earthquake, earthquake-prone area, earthquake relief, earthquake magnitude
近义quake, tremor, seismic event
派生earthquake-proof (adj.) 抗震的
A powerful earthquake struck the coastal town, destroying hundreds of buildings.
一场强烈的地震袭击了这座沿海小镇,摧毁了数百栋建筑。
7tsunami
海啸
讲解指地震或海底滑坡引发的巨浪,灾害类话题常用,常与 strike、hit、devastate 搭配
记忆源自日语,tsu(港)+ nami(浪),即“冲击港口的浪”
搭配tsunami warning, tsunami wave, tsunami hit, tsunami relief
近义tidal wave, seismic sea wave
派生tsunamic(形容词,罕用)
The 2004 tsunami devastated coastal communities across the Indian Ocean.
2004年的海啸摧毁了印度洋沿岸的社区。
8typhoon
台风
讲解特指西北太平洋地区的热带气旋,与 hurricane、cyclone 同物异名
记忆源自希腊语 typhon,本义“旋风”;发音近似“台风”
搭配typhoon season, typhoon warning, typhoon hit, tropical typhoon
近义cyclone, tropical storm
派生typhonic(形容词,罕用)
The typhoon forced thousands of residents to evacuate before it made landfall.
台风在登陆前迫使数千居民撤离。
9hurricane
飓风
讲解特指北大西洋及东北太平洋的热带气旋,常与 hit、strike、make landfall 搭配
记忆源自加勒比原住民语 Huracan,意为“风暴之神”
搭配hurricane season, hurricane warning, hurricane hit, hurricane damage
近义cyclone, typhoon
派生hurricane-force(形容词,如 hurricane-force winds)
Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic flooding when the levees finally failed.
飓风卡特里娜在堤坝最终溃决时造成了灾难性洪水。
10breakwater
防浪堤
讲解指伸入海中、减弱波浪力量的防护结构,环境工程类话题常用
记忆break(打破)+ water(水),即“打破水浪的堤”
搭配build a breakwater, natural breakwater, breakwater wall
近义sea wall, jetty, groyne
派生breakwatered(形容词,罕用)
Engineers built a massive breakwater to protect the harbour from storm surges.
工程师建造了一道巨大的防浪堤,以保护海港免受风暴潮侵袭。
11bay
海湾
讲解指海岸线凹入形成的水域,常与 sheltered、curved 搭配描述地形
记忆形似“贝”,海湾形状如贝壳弧线,便于联想
搭配sheltered bay, bay area, coastal bay, in the bay
近义gulf, cove, inlet
反义headland, cape
The small fishing village sits in a sheltered bay surrounded by green hills.
这个小渔村坐落在群山环抱的避风海湾中。
12shore
滨,岸,海滩
讲解指海、湖与陆地相接的边缘,on shore 表示“在岸上、上岸”
记忆与“show”形近,可联想“海边展示风景的地方”
搭配rocky shore, shore line, on shore, shore up
近义coast, beach, bank
反义offshore, inland
We walked along the rocky shore and watched the waves crash against the cliffs.
我们沿着多岩石的海岸散步,看着海浪拍打悬崖。
13isle
小岛,岛
讲解多用于文学或书面语,指很小的岛屿,比 island 更文雅,雅思阅读地理类文章常见
搭配a remote isle, a desert isle, the British Isles
近义island, islet, atoll
派生islet(小岛)
The tiny isle lies far off the coast, reachable only by a small boat.
这座小岛远在海岸之外,只有乘小船才能到达。
14crater
火山口
讲解除火山口外,也指陨石坑、弹坑;雅思阅读天文地理话题高频词
搭配a volcanic crater, a meteorite crater, the crater's rim
近义hollow, basin, pit
派生cratered(布满坑的)
Scientists measured the depth of the crater after the recent volcanic activity.
科学家在最近的火山活动后测量了这个火山口的深度。
15volcano
火山
讲解注意复数 volcano(e)s 两种拼写均可;常与 erupt, dormant, active 搭配
搭配an active volcano, a dormant volcano, a volcano erupts
近义mountain, peak, vent
派生volcanic(火山的), volcanism(火山活动)
The volcano has remained dormant for decades, but experts still monitor it closely.
这座火山已休眠数十年,但专家仍在密切监测。
16volcanologist
火山学家
讲解由 volcano + -logist(学者)构成,同类词有 geologist, biologist
记忆volcano(火山)+ logist(研究者)= 研究火山的人
搭配a leading volcanologist, field research by volcanologists
近义geologist, seismologist
派生volcanology(火山学)
The volcanologist warned residents to evacuate before the magma reached the surface.
这位火山学家警告居民在岩浆到达地表前撤离。
17eruption
爆发
讲解既可指火山喷发,也可指疾病、战争、情绪的爆发;与 erupt 同源
搭配a volcanic eruption, a sudden eruption of violence, the eruption of a disease
近义outbreak, explosion, blast
派生erupt(动词,爆发), eruptive(爆发的)
The eruption sent a huge cloud of ash across the sky, grounding all flights.
这次爆发在空中扬起巨大的火山灰云,导致所有航班停飞。
18cascade
喷流
讲解本义为瀑布或喷流,也作动词表示倾泻、层叠下落,写作中可比喻信息连锁传递
搭配a cascade of water, a cascade of events, cascade down
近义waterfall, torrent, flow
派生cascading(倾泻的,层叠的)
Lava cascaded down the mountainside, destroying everything in its path.
岩浆从山坡倾泻而下,摧毁了沿途的一切。
19decompression
减压,卸压
讲解指逐步释放压力,常用于潜水、地质及工业语境
记忆de(去除)+compress(压缩)+ion→去除压缩即减压
搭配decompression sickness, decompression chamber, gradual decompression
近义pressure reduction, relief
反义compression, pressurization
派生decompress, decompressed
Divers must undergo gradual decompression to avoid the painful and dangerous bends.
潜水员必须逐步减压,以避免痛苦而危险的减压病。
20sulphuric acid
硫酸
讲解强酸,酸雨主要成分之一,英式拼写 sulphuric,美式 sulfuric
记忆sulphur(硫)+ic(酸的)→含硫的酸
搭配sulphuric acid rain, dilute sulphuric acid, sulphuric acid solution
近义sulfuric acid
派生sulphur, sulphate, sulphur dioxide
Sulphuric acid in acid rain slowly corrodes limestone buildings and statues.
酸雨中的硫酸会慢慢腐蚀石灰岩建筑和雕像。
21the Earth's mantle
地幔
讲解地球内部介于地壳与地核之间的层,地质类高频术语
记忆mantle 本义“斗篷”,地球像披着斗篷一样包住地核
搭配the upper mantle, the lower mantle, mantle convection
近义Earth's interior layer
派生mantle plume, mantle rock
Heat from the Earth's mantle drives the slow movement of tectonic plates.
地幔的热量驱动着构造板块的缓慢移动。
22slope
斜坡
讲解可指斜坡,也可指坡度、倾斜度,注意 steep/gentle 搭配
记忆联想 slip(滑),斜坡上容易滑倒
搭配steep slope, gentle slope, on a slope
近义incline, gradient, hillside
反义flat ground, level surface
派生sloped, sloping
The steep slope behind the village is prone to landslides after heavy rain.
村庄后面陡峭的斜坡在暴雨后容易发生滑坡。
23magma
岩浆
讲解地下熔融岩石,喷出地表后称 lava,注意二者区别
记忆与 lava 对比记忆:地下叫 magma,地上叫 lava
搭配molten magma, magma chamber, magma eruption
近义molten rock
派生magmatic, magmatism
Molten magma rising from below the crust eventually erupts as lava.
从地壳下方升起的熔融岩浆最终喷发成为熔岩。
24granite
花岗岩
讲解火成岩的一种,质地坚硬,地理与建筑类常见词
记忆gran(颗粒)+ite→颗粒明显的岩石
搭配granite rock, granite countertop, granite cliff
近义igneous rock
派生granitic
Granite is a hard igneous rock widely used in construction and kitchen countertops.
花岗岩是一种坚硬的火成岩,广泛用于建筑和厨房台面。
25lime
石灰
讲解不可数名词,指石灰;也指酸橙,注意区分语境
搭配slake lime, lime kiln, lime mortar
近义calcium oxide, quicklime
派生limestone(石灰岩)
Farmers often spread lime on the fields to reduce soil acidity.
农民常把石灰撒在田里以降低土壤酸度。
26lava
岩浆,熔岩
讲解不可数名词,指喷出地表的熔岩;地下未喷出的称 magma
搭配molten lava, lava flow, lava field
近义molten rock, magma
派生lava lamp(熔岩灯)
The volcano erupted at night, sending lava down the mountainside.
火山在夜间喷发,熔岩顺着山坡倾泻而下。
27viscous lava
粘性熔岩
讲解viscous 意为粘稠的,常与 lava、liquid 搭配,说明流动性差
搭配highly viscous, viscous flow, viscous fluid
近义thick lava, sticky lava
反义runny lava
派生viscosity(粘性)
Viscous lava moves slowly and can form a thick dome over the vent.
粘性熔岩流动缓慢,能在火山口上方形成厚厚的穹丘。
28pulverised rock
碎石
讲解pulverised 意为被粉碎的,英式拼写,美式为 pulverized
搭配pulverised fuel, finely pulverised
近义crushed rock, powdered rock
派生pulverise(粉碎)
The eruption left a thick layer of pulverised rock across the valley.
这次喷发在山谷中留下厚厚一层碎石。
29debris
残骸
讲解不可数名词,指残骸、碎片;也喻指残局、遗留物
搭配clear debris, flying debris, space debris
近义rubble, wreckage, ruins
派生debris field(碎片带)
Rescue teams searched the debris for survivors after the earthquake.
地震后,救援队在被毁残骸中搜寻生还者。
30boulder
巨石
讲解可数名词,指因风化或冰川搬运而成的大块圆石
搭配giant boulder, boulder clay
近义rock, stone
派生boulder-strewn(遍布巨石的)
A huge boulder blocked the mountain path after the landslide.
滑坡后,一块巨石挡住了山间小路。
31disintegrate (
使)碎裂
讲解不及物时表示「自行分解」,及物时意为「使碎裂」,常描述垃圾或材料在自然中的降解过程
记忆词根 dis-(分开)+ integr(完整)+ -ate(动词后缀)→ 使不再完整,即碎裂分解
搭配disintegrate into fragments;disintegrate over time;slowly disintegrate
近义break down;decompose;crumble
反义integrate;consolidate
派生disintegration(n. 分解;瓦解)
Plastic waste can take centuries to disintegrate in the ocean.
塑料垃圾在海洋中可能需要几个世纪才能分解。
32contaminate
弄脏;污染
讲解及物动词,强调有害物质使某物变脏或有毒,被动语态 be contaminated by/with 在环境话题中很常见
记忆词根 con-(共同)+ tamin(接触)+ -ate → 被脏东西接触到,即污染
搭配contaminate water/soil/food;be contaminated with chemicals
近义pollute;taint;infect
反义purify;cleanse
派生contamination(n. 污染);contaminant(n. 污染物)
Industrial waste has contaminated the river, killing most of its fish.
工业废料污染了这条河,导致大部分鱼类死亡。
33deteriorate (
使)恶化
讲解不及物动词,指状况、健康或关系变坏;及物用法较少见,写作中多用主动语态描述环境恶化
记忆词根 de-(向下)+ terior(更坏)+ -ate → 朝更坏的方向走,即恶化
搭配deteriorate rapidly;deteriorate over time;conditions deteriorate
近义worsen;decline;degenerate
反义improve;recover
派生deterioration(n. 恶化)
Air quality in the city has deteriorated sharply over the past decade.
过去十年里,这座城市的空气质量急剧恶化。
34deterioration
恶化
讲解不可数名词,常与 of 连用说明恶化对象,环境类写作中可替代 worsening,语气更正式
搭配environmental deterioration;the deterioration of soil quality;gradual deterioration
近义decline;degradation;worsening
反义improvement;recovery
派生deteriorate(v. 恶化)
The deterioration of coral reefs threatens thousands of marine species.
珊瑚礁的恶化威胁着数千种海洋物种。
35disrupt
破坏
讲解及物动词,指打断或扰乱正常过程、系统或秩序,常与 ecosystem、supply、traffic 等搭配
记忆词根 dis-(分开)+ rupt(破裂)→ 使破裂中断,即扰乱破坏
搭配disrupt the ecosystem;disrupt supply chains;disrupt daily life
近义disturb;interrupt;upset
反义organize;restore
派生disruption(n. 扰乱);disruptive(adj. 破坏性的)
Building the dam would disrupt the migration routes of local fish.
修建这座大坝会破坏当地鱼类的洄游路线。
36dump
倾倒,倾销
讲解及物动词,指随意倾倒废弃物或低价倾销商品;dump waste into 是环境类高频搭配
记忆联想「dump 垃圾」的场景:一车废物哗啦倒下去,即倾倒
搭配dump waste into rivers;dump rubbish;dump goods on the market
近义discard;dispose of;unload
反义recycle;conserve
派生dumping(n. 倾倒;倾销)
Factories often dump untreated chemicals into rivers, causing serious pollution.
工厂常把未经处理的化学物质倾倒进河里,造成严重污染。
37demolish
毁坏
讲解及物动词,指彻底拆除建筑物或毁坏某物,常用于被动语态 be demolished。
记忆de(向下)+ mol(堆)+ ish,把堆起来的东西推倒。
搭配demolish a building / be demolished / demolish a theory
近义tear down / knock down / destroy
反义build / construct / erect
派生demolition n. 拆除,毁坏
The old factory was demolished to make room for a new public park.
那座旧工厂被拆除,以便为一座新的公园腾出空间。
38deforestation
采伐森林
讲解不可数名词,指大规模砍伐森林,是环境类写作高频话题词。
记忆de(去除)+ forest(森林)+ ation(名词后缀)。
搭配large-scale deforestation / halt deforestation / deforestation rates
近义forest clearance / logging / forest destruction
反义reforestation / afforestation
派生deforest v. 砍伐森林
Deforestation in tropical regions has destroyed the habitats of countless species.
热带地区的森林砍伐毁掉了无数物种的栖息地。
39charcoal
炭,木炭
讲解不可数名词,指木材烧成的炭;也可指炭笔或深灰色。
记忆char(烧焦)+ coal(煤),烧焦的煤即木炭。
搭配charcoal stove / charcoal burner / activated charcoal
近义carbon / coke
派生charcoal-burning adj. 烧木炭的
Many rural households still rely on charcoal for cooking and heating.
许多农村家庭仍然依靠木炭做饭和取暖。
40reclaim
开垦,改造
讲解及物动词,此处指开垦荒地或改造土地;也指回收废物、取回物品。
记忆re(重新)+ claim(要求),重新要回土地。
搭配reclaim land / reclaim wasteland / reclaim waste materials
近义restore / recover / convert
反义abandon / desert
派生reclamation n. 开垦,回收
The government plans to reclaim the wasteland and turn it into farmland.
政府计划开垦这片荒地,把它变成农田。
41woodcutter
伐木者
讲解可数名词,指以砍伐树木为业的人,多用于故事或历史语境。
记忆wood(木头)+ cutter(切割者),砍木头的人。
搭配a poor woodcutter / the village woodcutter
近义logger / lumberjack / feller
派生woodcutting n. 伐木
The woodcutter earned a modest living by selling logs to nearby villages.
那个伐木者靠把原木卖给附近的村庄维持着微薄的生计。
42timber
木材
讲解不可数名词,指建筑或制造用的木材,也可指树木。
记忆与 wood 近义,但 timber 更强调用作建材的木料。
搭配timber industry / timber trade / fell timber
近义lumber / wood / logs
派生timberland n. 林地
Illegal logging has reduced the country's supply of valuable timber.
非法伐木减少了该国珍贵木材的供应量。
43log
原木
讲解可数名词,指砍下但未加工的木段;作动词意为“正式记录”,雅思阅读常见
搭配cut logs, a log fire, log in
近义timber, wood, trunk
派生logging(伐木)
The villagers rely on the forest for logs to build their homes and cook meals.
村民们依靠森林获取原木来建造房屋和做饭。
44resource depletion
能源耗尽
讲解不可数名词短语,多用于环境与可持续话题,常与 accelerate/cause 搭配
搭配cause resource depletion, natural resource depletion, tackle resource depletion
近义exhaustion of resources, resource scarcity
反义resource conservation, replenishment
派生deplete (v.), depleted (adj.)
Rapid industrial growth has accelerated resource depletion in many developing countries.
快速的工业增长加速了许多发展中国家的资源耗尽。
45water consumption
水资源消耗
讲解不可数名词短语,常与 reduce/cut/curb 搭配,用于环保类写作数据描述
搭配reduce water consumption, domestic water consumption, per capita water consumption
近义water use, water usage
反义water conservation
派生consume (v.), consumer (n.)
Household water consumption in cities has risen sharply over the past two decades.
过去二十年里,城市家庭用水量急剧上升。
46caveman
穴居人
讲解可数名词,含“原始、落后”的联想义,口语中可戏称落伍的人
搭配a caveman diet, live like a caveman
近义prehistoric man, primitive man
派生cave (n.)
Unlike cavemen, modern people rarely need to hunt for their own food.
与穴居人不同,现代人很少需要自己打猎觅食。
47herdsman
牧人
讲解可数名词,指放牧牲畜的人,注意与 shepherd(牧羊人)区分
搭配a nomadic herdsman, a cattle herdsman
近义shepherd, pastoralist
派生herd (n./v.), husbandry (n.)
The herdsman led his cattle across the vast grassland at dawn.
牧人在黎明时分领着他的牛群穿过辽阔的草原。
48nomadic
游牧(生活)的
讲解形容词,描述随季节迁移的生活方式,常用于文化与传统类话题
搭配a nomadic lifestyle, nomadic tribes, a nomadic existence
近义wandering, roaming, migratory
反义settled, sedentary
派生nomad (n.), nomadism (n.)
Nomadic tribes move from place to place in search of fresh pasture and water.
游牧部落四处迁徙,以寻找新鲜的牧场和水源。
49demographic
人口统计学的
讲解形容词,指“人口统计的、人口结构的”,常修饰 change/data/trend;也作名词指“某类人群”
记忆demo(人民)+ graphic(记录的)→记录人口的
搭配demographic change, demographic data, demographic trend, demographic profile
近义population-related, statistical
派生demography(人口统计学), demographer(人口统计学家)
Rapid demographic change in coastal cities is putting enormous pressure on local water supplies.
沿海城市人口的快速变化给当地供水带来了巨大压力。
50glacier
冰川
讲解可数名词,指“冰川”;常与 melt, retreat, shrink 搭配描述气候变化
记忆与 gl- 开头表示“光滑、滑”的词同源,冰川表面光滑
搭配melting glacier, glacier retreat, glacial lake
近义ice sheet, ice field
反义无
派生glacial(冰川的,冰冷的), glaciation(冰川作用)
Melting glaciers in the Himalayas threaten the water supply of billions of people downstream.
喜马拉雅山脉冰川的融化威胁着下游数十亿人的供水。
51tundra
冻原带,苔原带
讲解名词,指极地附近无树的冻原带;常与 arctic, vast, frozen 搭配
记忆源自俄语,指西伯利亚无树的平原
搭配arctic tundra, frozen tundra, tundra vegetation
近义无
派生tundra-dwelling(生活在冻原的)
Few plants can survive the freezing tundra, where the growing season lasts only a few weeks.
很少有植物能在严寒的冻原带存活,那里生长季只有几周。
52permafrost
永冻层,永冻土层
讲解不可数名词,指常年冻结的土层;常与 thaw, melt, degrade 连用
记忆per(贯穿)+ ma(永久)+ frost(霜冻)→永久冻结
搭配thawing permafrost, permafrost degradation, permafrost region
近义无
派生无
As permafrost thaws, it releases methane, accelerating global warming in a dangerous feedback loop.
随着永冻层融化,它释放出甲烷,在危险的反馈循环中加速全球变暖。
53greenhouse
温室
讲解名词/形容词,指“温室”;作定语构成 greenhouse gas/effect 等高频环境词
记忆green(绿色)+ house(房子)→种绿色植物的房子
搭配greenhouse gas, greenhouse effect, greenhouse emission
近义glasshouse
派生greenhouse-gas(温室气体的,作定语)
Cutting down forests reduces the greenhouse effect's natural balance and worsens climate change.
砍伐森林削弱了温室效应的自然平衡,并加剧了气候变化。
54habitat
居住地,栖息地
讲解名词,指“栖息地、居住地”;常与 natural, destroy, loss, restore 搭配
记忆habit(习惯)+ at →生物习惯待的地方
搭配natural habitat, habitat loss, habitat destruction, restore habitat
近义dwelling, environment
派生inhabit(栖息于), inhabitant(居民)
Urban expansion is destroying the natural habitat of countless endangered species.
城市扩张正在破坏无数濒危物种的自然栖息地。
55humid
湿润的
讲解humid 指空气或气候潮湿,常与 climate/weather/air 搭配,雅思环境类话题高频。
记忆hu(谐音“糊”)+ mid(中间)→ 空气糊在一起,潮湿的。
搭配humid climate, humid weather, humid air, humid conditions
近义damp, moist, muggy
反义dry, arid
派生humidity(湿度)
The humid climate in the rainforest makes the air feel heavy and sticky.
雨林中潮湿的气候使空气感觉又闷又黏。
56luxuriant
肥沃的
讲解luxuriant 形容植物茂盛、土地肥沃,也可指毛发浓密;注意与 luxurious(奢侈的)区分。
记忆lux(光/丰盛)+ uriant → 丰盛得发光,茂盛的。
搭配luxuriant vegetation, luxuriant growth, luxuriant forests
近义lush, abundant, flourishing
反义barren, sparse
派生luxury(奢侈),luxuriance(茂盛)
The luxuriant vegetation in the valley attracted many tourists and biologists.
山谷中茂密的植被吸引了许多游客和生物学家。
57drought
干旱
讲解drought 指长期缺水,常与 severe/prolonged 搭配,是雅思环境类写作高频词。
记忆谐音“抓不着”→ 抓不着水,干旱。
搭配severe drought, prolonged drought, drought-resistant crops, drought relief
近义dry spell, aridity
反义flood, deluge
派生droughty(干旱的)
The severe drought lasted for months, causing widespread crop failures.
严重的干旱持续了数月,导致大范围农作物歉收。
58ravine
峡谷;深谷
讲解ravine 指狭窄而深的峡谷,比 canyon 窄,常用于地理景观描写。
记忆与 rave(狂言)联想:在峡谷中大喊会有回声。
搭配narrow ravine, deep ravine, a ravine between hills
近义gorge, canyon, gully
派生无常见派生词
A narrow ravine cut through the mountains, creating a dramatic landscape.
一条狭窄的峡谷穿过群山,形成了壮观的景色。
59smallholding
小块农田
讲解smallholding 指小于50英亩的小农场,常用于乡村及农业话题。
记忆small + holding(持有地)→ 小片持有地。
搭配run a smallholding, a smallholding of ten acres
近义small farm, croft
派生smallholder(小农)
Many families in rural areas rely on a smallholding to make a living.
许多农村家庭依靠小块农田维持生计。
60cropland
农田
讲解cropland 指种植农作物的土地,不可数,常与 expand/loss 搭配。
记忆crop(作物)+ land(土地)→ 种作物的地。
搭配expand cropland, cropland loss, conversion of forest to cropland
近义farmland, arable land
派生无常见派生词
Expanding cropland has reduced the natural habitats of many wild animals.
扩大农田减少了许多野生动物的自然栖息地。
61hectare
公顷
讲解面积单位,1公顷=10000平方米;雅思地图题与数据描述中常缩写为ha
搭配a hectare of land / per hectare / thousands of hectares
近义acre / square metre
派生hectarage(以公顷计的面积)
The national park covers more than 5,000 hectares of protected wetland and forest.
这座国家公园占地超过5000公顷的受保护湿地和森林。
62accumulation
堆积物
讲解可数指“堆积的一堆物”,不可数指“积累过程”;环境话题常与waste、sediment、pollutants搭配
记忆来自accumulate(累积),-tion表名词
搭配the accumulation of waste / gradual accumulation / sediment accumulation
近义buildup / pile-up / collection
反义depletion / dispersal
The accumulation of plastic waste in the ocean threatens marine life worldwide.
海洋中塑料垃圾的堆积威胁着全世界的海洋生物。
63alluvial
冲积的
讲解多作定语,修饰soil、plain、deposits等;描述河流地貌与农业区位时常用
记忆源自拉丁语alluvio(冲刷),与水冲积有关
搭配alluvial soil / alluvial plain / alluvial deposits
近义fluvial / sedimentary
派生alluvium(冲积层)
The alluvial plains along the river are among the most fertile farmland in the region.
沿河的冲积平原是该地区最肥沃的农田之一。
64sediment
沉积(物)
讲解既可作不可数(沉积物总称),也可指一层沉积物;地质、水文与考古话题高频
搭配sediment deposits / river sediment / a layer of sediment
近义deposit / silt / residue
派生sedimentary(沉积的)/ sedimentation(沉积作用)
Layers of sediment at the bottom of the lake record thousands of years of climate change.
湖底的沉积层记录了数千年的气候变化。
65delta
三角洲
讲解地理术语,常与river连用;也引申指“(变化中的)三角地带”,注意大写首字母作专名
搭配river delta / the Nile Delta / delta region
近义estuary / mouth
派生deltaic(三角洲的)
The Nile Delta is densely populated because its fertile soil supports intensive farming.
尼罗河三角洲人口稠密,因为其肥沃的土壤支撑着集约化农业。
66highland
高地,高原
讲解泛指高地、山区,常用复数highlands;与lowland(低地)对举,用于地形与农业描述
搭配the Scottish Highlands / highland areas / upland
近义upland / plateau / mountain region
反义lowland
Sheep farming is still common in the cool, wet highlands of northern Britain.
在凉爽潮湿的英国北部高地,养羊业仍然很普遍。
67mountainous
多山的
讲解形容词,强调地形多山,常用于描述国家、地区的地理特征,雅思环境类写作常用。
记忆mountain + ous(形容词后缀,充满……的)→ 多山的
搭配mountainous region / mountainous terrain / mountainous area
近义hilly / rugged / highland
反义flat / lowland / level
派生mountain(n. 山)
Nepal is a mountainous country where farming is limited to narrow valleys.
尼泊尔是一个多山的国家,农业仅限于狭窄的山谷地带。
68tropical
热带的
讲解形容词,指热带地区的,常修饰气候、雨林、疾病等,是环境类高频词。
记忆tropic(回归线)+ al(形容词后缀)→ 回归线附近的 → 热带的
搭配tropical rainforest / tropical climate / tropical storm
近义equatorial / torrid
反义polar / temperate / arctic
派生tropics(n. 热带地区)
Tropical rainforests are disappearing at an alarming rate worldwide.
世界范围内的热带雨林正以惊人的速度消失。
69embankment
筑堤
讲解名词,指为防水或支撑而筑的堤坝,环境与工程话题中常与防洪、河岸治理搭配。
记忆em(使进入)+ bank(岸)+ ment(名词后缀)→ 在岸边筑起的东西 → 堤
搭配river embankment / flood embankment / embankment dam
近义levee / dike / bank
派生embank(v. 筑堤围护)
The government built a stone embankment to protect the village from flooding.
政府修建了一道石堤来保护村庄免受洪水侵袭。
70ozone
臭氧
讲解名词,指臭氧,是环境类核心词,常与层、空洞、破坏等概念一起出现。
记忆源自希腊语 ozein(气味),因臭氧有刺激性气味而得名
搭配ozone depletion / ground-level ozone / ozone hole
近义无常见同义名词
派生ozonic(adj. 臭氧的)
Exhaust fumes from vehicles release chemicals that damage the ozone in the atmosphere.
车辆尾气释放的化学物质会破坏大气中的臭氧。
71ozone layer
臭氧层
讲解名词短语,指臭氧层,雅思环境类写作常用,多与保护、破坏、空洞等动词搭配。
记忆ozone(臭氧)+ layer(层)→ 臭氧层
搭配protect the ozone layer / ozone layer depletion / hole in the ozone layer
近义ozone shield
派生无
反义无
The Montreal Protocol was signed to protect the ozone layer from harmful chemicals.
《蒙特利尔议定书》的签署旨在保护臭氧层免受有害化学物质的破坏。
72dioxide
二氧化物
讲解名词,指二氧化物,环境类中最常见的是 carbon dioxide(二氧化碳),是温室气体话题高频词。
记忆di(二)+ oxide(氧化物)→ 含两个氧原子的氧化物 → 二氧化物
搭配carbon dioxide / sulphur dioxide / nitrogen dioxide
近义无常见同义名词
派生oxide(n. 氧化物)
Carbon dioxide emissions from factories are a major cause of global warming.
工厂排放的二氧化碳是全球变暖的一个主要原因。
73oxide
氧化物
讲解化学术语,常以复数 oxides 出现,如 carbon oxides;雅思环境话题中多指污染气体
记忆源自 oxygen(氧)+ -ide(化合物后缀),含氧的化合物
搭配nitrogen oxide, carbon oxide, metal oxide
派生dioxide, monoxide, oxidize
Burning fossil fuels releases harmful nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
燃烧化石燃料会向大气中释放有害的氮氧化物。
74petroleum
石油
讲解不可数名词,指天然原油,比 oil 更正式,常见于能源与环境类阅读
搭配crude petroleum, petroleum industry, petroleum products
近义crude oil, fossil oil
派生petrochemical, petroliferous
The country's economy depends heavily on exporting crude petroleum.
该国经济严重依赖出口原油。
75petrol
汽油
讲解英式英语用词,美式英语常用 gasoline/gas;不可数名词
记忆由 petroleum 缩略而来,口语中更简洁
搭配petrol station, petrol price, unleaded petrol
近义gasoline, fuel
Rising petrol prices have pushed many commuters to use public transport.
汽油价格上涨促使许多通勤者改乘公共交通。
76fumes
烟,气
讲解常用复数形式,指难闻或有毒的气体烟雾;多与 exhaust、toxic 连用
搭配exhaust fumes, toxic fumes, diesel fumes
近义smoke, vapour, gas
Toxic fumes from the factory chimneys threaten nearby residents' health.
工厂烟囱排出的有毒烟气威胁着附近居民的健康。
77methane
甲烷,沼气
讲解不可数名词,是重要温室气体;雅思环境类高频词,常与 emissions 搭配
记忆词根 meth-(甲基)+-ane(烷烃后缀),即含一个碳的烷
搭配methane emissions, methane gas, release methane
派生methanol, methyl
Livestock farming produces large amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
畜牧业产生大量甲烷,一种强效温室气体。
78combustion
燃烧
讲解正式名词,指燃烧过程;常用于能源、污染类学术语境
记忆动词 comburere(烧尽)而来,与 burn 同义但更正式
搭配spontaneous combustion, combustion engine, incomplete combustion
近义burning, ignition
反义extinction
The combustion of coal in power plants is a major source of air pollution.
发电厂燃烧煤炭是空气污染的主要来源。
79gas emission
气体排放
讲解可数名词,常用复数 emissions,指工厂、车辆等排出的废气
搭配greenhouse gas emissions 温室气体排放;cut/reduce emissions 减排;carbon emissions 碳排放
近义discharge; release; effluent
派生emit v. 排放;emitter n. 排放源
Governments must cut greenhouse gas emissions if they want to slow global warming.
如果政府想减缓全球变暖,就必须减少温室气体排放。
80carbon
碳
讲解不可数名词,指化学元素碳,环保语境常指二氧化碳形式的碳
记忆联想 carbon copy(复写纸),碳粉留下印记,帮助记住 carbon
搭配carbon dioxide 二氧化碳;carbon footprint 碳足迹;carbon neutral 碳中和的
派生carbonic adj. 碳的;carbonate n. 碳酸盐
Burning fossil fuels releases huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere every year.
燃烧化石燃料每年向大气中释放大量碳。
81whaling
捕鲸
讲解不可数名词,指捕鲸这一行为或产业,常出现在动物保护话题中
搭配commercial whaling 商业捕鲸;ban whaling 禁止捕鲸;anti-whaling 反捕鲸的
近义whale hunting; whale fishing
派生whaler n. 捕鲸者/捕鲸船;whale n. 鲸
Whaling has been banned by most countries, yet a few nations still hunt whales.
大多数国家已禁止捕鲸,但仍有个别国家继续捕杀鲸鱼。
82Celsius (
温度)摄氏的
讲解温度单位,与数字连用,首字母常大写,也可写作 C
记忆源自瑞典天文学家 Celsius 的姓氏,他制定了这一温标
搭配degrees Celsius 摄氏度;above/below zero Celsius 零上/零下摄氏度
反义Fahrenheit 华氏度
Scientists warn that global temperatures could rise by two degrees Celsius this century.
科学家警告说,本世纪全球气温可能上升两摄氏度。
83Fahrenheit
华氏温度计
讲解华氏温度单位,主要用于美国,与数字连用,常写作 F
记忆源自德国物理学家 Fahrenheit 的姓氏,他发明了水银温度计
搭配degrees Fahrenheit 华氏度;Fahrenheit scale 华氏温标
反义Celsius 摄氏度
In the United States, weather reports usually give temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit.
在美国,天气预报通常以华氏度播报气温。
84meteorology
气象学
讲解不可数名词,指研究天气及其变化的学科
记忆词根 meteoro-(高空、天象)+ -logy(学科),即研究天象的学问
搭配study meteorology 学习气象学;meteorological data 气象数据
派生meteorologist n. 气象学家;meteorological adj. 气象的
Meteorology helps us predict storms, so farmers can protect their crops in time.
气象学帮助我们预测风暴,这样农民就能及时保护庄稼。
85circulation
流通,循环
讲解不可数名词,指液体、空气或信息的循环流通;也指书报的发行量
记忆词根 circ(圆、环)+ ul + ation,绕圈走就是循环
搭配ocean circulation, blood circulation, air circulation, in circulation
近义flow, rotation, movement
派生circulate, circulatory, circulative
Ocean circulation plays a vital role in regulating the global climate system.
海洋环流在调节全球气候系统中起着至关重要的作用。
86climatic
气候上的
讲解形容词,只用于名词前作定语,指与气候相关的;注意与 climatic 区分的 climate 是名词
搭配climatic conditions, climatic change, climatic zone
近义weather-related, meteorological
派生climate, climatically, acclimatize
Climatic conditions in the region have changed dramatically over the past century.
该地区的气候条件在过去一个世纪里发生了巨大变化。
87ultraviolet light
紫外光
讲解不可数名词短语,常缩略为 UV light;多与 exposure to 搭配
搭配exposure to ultraviolet light, ultraviolet radiation, ultraviolet rays
近义UV light, UV radiation
派生ultraviolet (adj.)
Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light can cause serious damage to human skin.
长时间暴露在紫外光下会对人体皮肤造成严重损害。
88radiation
辐射
讲解不可数名词,指能量以波或粒子的形式传播;也引申指放射线
记忆词根 radi(光线、射线)+ ation,发出射线的过程
搭配nuclear radiation, solar radiation, radiation exposure, radiation therapy
近义emission, rays
派生radiate, radiator, radioactive, radiative
Nuclear radiation poses a significant threat to both human health and the environment.
核辐射对人类健康和环境都构成重大威胁。
89solar
太阳的
讲解形容词,指太阳的、太阳能的;常见于能源与环境话题
记忆词根 sol(太阳)+ ar,与太阳有关的
搭配solar energy, solar power, solar system, solar panel
近义sun-powered
派生solarize, solarization
The country has invested heavily in solar energy to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.
该国大力投资太阳能,以减少对化石燃料的依赖。
90phenomenon
现象
讲解可数名词,复数形式为 phenomena,学术写作中常与 complex, natural 搭配
记忆词根 phen(显现)+ omenon,显现出来的事物即现象
搭配natural phenomenon, social phenomenon, common phenomenon
近义occurrence, event, circumstance
派生phenomena (pl.), phenomenal
Global warming is a complex phenomenon that affects every corner of the planet.
全球变暖是一个影响地球每个角落的复杂现象。
91conservation
保护,保存
讲解不可数名词,指对自然资源的保护;常与 wildlife/energy/water 搭配
记忆con(共同)+serv(保持)+ation→共同保持→保护
搭配wildlife conservation, energy conservation, conservation area
近义preservation, protection, safeguarding
反义destruction, waste
派生conservationist(环保主义者)
Wildlife conservation depends on strict laws and the active support of local communities.
野生动物保护依赖于严格的法律和当地社区的积极支持。
92mechanism
机理,机制
讲解可数名词,指运作机制或原理;常用于解释因果过程
记忆mechan(机器)+ism(名词后缀)→像机器运转的方式→机制
搭配defense mechanism, market mechanism, by what mechanism
近义process, system, workings
派生mechanical, mechanize
Scientists are still studying the mechanism by which air pollution harms the human brain.
科学家仍在研究空气污染损害人脑的机理。
93prioritize
优先考虑
讲解及物动词,后接名词或动名词;比 put first 更正式,适合写作
搭配prioritize A over B, prioritize tasks, top priority
近义give priority to, put first, rank above
反义neglect, deprioritize
派生priority, prioritization
Governments should prioritize renewable energy over short-term economic gains.
政府应优先考虑可再生能源,而非短期的经济利益。
94recurrent
反复发生的
讲解形容词,指一再出现的,多修饰问题、疾病、灾害等负面事物
记忆re(再)+curr(跑)+ent→反复跑回来→反复发生
搭配recurrent problem, recurrent disease, recurrent flooding
近义repeated, recurring, periodic
反义one-off, isolated
派生recurrence, recur
Recurrent floods in the region have forced thousands of families to leave their homes.
该地区反复发生的洪水迫使数千家庭离开家园。
95recycle
回收利用
讲解及物动词,指把废弃物加工再利用;也作名词,指回收利用本身
记忆re(再)+cycle(循环)→再循环→回收
搭配recycle waste, recycle paper, a recycling scheme
近义reuse, reprocess, reclaim
反义discard, dump
派生recycling, recyclable
Many cities now recycle more than half of their household waste every year.
许多城市现在每年回收一半以上的家庭垃圾。
96vegetation
植被
讲解不可数名词,指某地区的全部植物;常与 dense/lush/native 搭配
记忆veget(有生气地生长)+ation→生长的植物→植被
搭配dense vegetation, native vegetation, clear vegetation
近义plant life, flora, greenery
反义barren land, desert
派生vegetate, vegetative
Dense vegetation along the riverbank helps prevent soil erosion during heavy rain.
河岸边茂密的植被有助于在暴雨时防止水土流失。
97viability
生存能力
讲解指生物存活、繁衍的能力,也可引申为计划或方案的可行性,常见于环境与商业语境。
记忆源自 viable(能存活的),-ability 表性质,即“能存活的性质”。
搭配economic viability, long-term viability, the viability of
近义feasibility, survival, sustainability
反义extinction, collapse
Scientists are studying the viability of reintroducing wolves into this fragile mountain ecosystem.
科学家正在研究将狼重新引入这一脆弱山地生态系统的可行性。
98ecological
生态学的
讲解形容与生态及生物与环境关系有关的,常修饰 damage、balance、crisis 等词。
记忆词根 eco-(家、环境)+ log(学科)+ ical(形容词后缀)。
搭配ecological balance, ecological footprint, ecological crisis
近义environmental, green, sustainable
派生ecology, ecologist, ecologically
Deforestation has caused serious ecological damage across large areas of the tropics.
森林砍伐已在热带大片地区造成严重的生态破坏。
99ecosystem
生态系统
讲解指生物群落与其环境构成的整体系统,写作中常与 destroy、protect、restore 等动词搭配。
记忆eco-(环境)+ system(系统),即“环境系统”。
搭配marine ecosystem, fragile ecosystem, ecosystem services
近义habitat, biome, environment
派生ecological, ecologically
Coral reefs support an incredibly rich ecosystem that thousands of species depend on.
珊瑚礁维系着一个极其丰富、数千物种赖以为生的生态系统。
100counterbalance
使平衡
讲解作动词指抵消、使平衡,常接 effect、impact、emission 等抽象名词,属正式书面用语。
记忆counter-(相反)+ balance(平衡),即“反向平衡”。
搭配counterbalance the effects, counterbalance emissions
近义offset, neutralize, compensate for
派生counterbalance(名词), balanced, imbalance
Planting trees can help counterbalance the carbon emissions produced by heavy industry.
植树有助于抵消重工业产生的碳排放。
101symbiotic
共生的;共栖的
讲解形容两种生物互利共存的,也引申指互惠互利的关系,常修饰 relationship、partnership。
记忆sym-(共同)+ bio(生命)+ tic(形容词后缀),即“共同生活的”。
搭配symbiotic relationship, symbiotic partnership
近义mutually beneficial, interdependent
反义parasitic, competitive
派生symbiosis, symbiotically
Many plants form symbiotic relationships with fungi that help them absorb nutrients.
许多植物与真菌形成共生关系,从而帮助它们吸收养分。
102extinction
灭绝
讲解指物种或事物的彻底消亡,常与 face、prevent、drive to 等搭配,是环保话题高频词。
记忆ex-(向外)+ stinct(刺、扑灭),引申为“被扑灭、消失”。
搭配mass extinction, face extinction, on the brink of extinction
近义disappearance, die-out, annihilation
反义survival, conservation
派生extinct, extinctive
Without urgent conservation efforts, many endangered species face extinction within decades.
若不采取紧急保护措施,许多濒危物种将在几十年内面临灭绝。
103thrive
兴旺,繁荣
讲解不及物动词,指生物旺盛生长或事业繁荣,常与in/on连用
记忆联想:thrive与drive押韵,被驱动着向前→蓬勃生长
搭配thrive in, thrive on, thrive under pressure
近义flourish, prosper, boom
反义decline, wither
Many species of plants thrive in warm, humid climates with plenty of rainfall.
许多植物物种在温暖潮湿、雨量充沛的气候中茁壮成长。